IQ and the Controversy Concerning Human Intelligence :: Biology Essays Research Papers

IQ and the Controversy Concerning Human Intelligence Human intelligence is an eel-like subject slippery, difficult to grasp, and almost impossible to get straight 3. legion(predicate) scientist and psychologist have made numerous attempts to come up with an explanation for the development of human intelligence. For many years, there has been much controversy over what intelligence is and whether it is hereditary or nurtured by the environment. Websters dictionary defines intelligence as the ability to acquire and apply knowledge which includes a sensing an environment and reaching conclusions about the maintain of that environment 7. In this paper I am going to examine the factors, which make up ones intelligence. I will be investigating whether or not intelligence is fostered by genetic heritance or nurtured by ones environment. There can be of course no serious doubt that differences in environment experiences do contribute to variation in IQ 5. The environment is made of circu mstances, objects, and conditions by which a human, animal, plant or object be surrounded in science. It has been argued that the environment in a childs developing years could in fact be a factor that will determine this IQ. In a study of adopted and biologically related familys psychologist Scarr and Weinberg recognized that with children between 16 and 22 years of age, environment was more powerful in influencing IQ level in the vernal child, than the young adult. Scarr and Weinberg reasoned that environment exerts a greater influence on children, who have little choice as they age, diversity age, diversity and availability of choices expands, and if these choices are at least partially determined by genetic factors, the influence of environment is there by diminished. Heritability is a term from the population of genetics. It refers tothe capability of macrocosm passed from one generation to the next 1. Intelligence has for centuries been considered as fixed trait. A number o f investigators have taken an approach that intelligence is highly heritable, transmitted through genes 3. Kinship studies have shown that the habitability of IQ is significantly less than 1.0, and recent attempts to model kinship correlation especially in children have agreed that IQ is influenced two by the childs parent and the environment. Other factors such as parental affection, birth order, gender differences, and experiences outside the family, accidents, and illnesses may account for IQ. Writer of Hereditary Genius, Francis Galton developed a theory know as the genius theory.

Fences by August Wilson Essay -- August Wilson, Fences

In the play Fences, which was written by August Wilson, Bono, Gabe, and Alberta are all very important people in troys life. Bono is Troys best friend, and through him the reader learns that Troy is a very strong character. Through Gabe, people can see some of the viciousness Troy has inside. Alberta helped Troy escape from his problems, and have a few laughs every once in awhile. Each one of these characters tells the reader something different about Troy. end-to-end the years, Bono has always been there for Troy. They have been friends for about eighteen years. Bono never hesitated to tell Troy anything, especially his opinion on Alberta. I know what Rose mover to you, Troy Im just trying to say I dont want to see you mess up. (p.63) Bonos words come out the reader how much he cares about Troy. Bono was always straightforward with Troy. He even said, Thats right. I know you. I know you got some Uncle Ramus in your blood. You got more stories than the devil got sinners. (p.13) M uch of Troy is shown in Bono because he has been with him through the good times and the bad. Another character who has helped reveal complexities about Troy is Gabe, Troys brother. Gabe has a metal plate in his query caused by his time in War World II. The government in return gave Gabe periodic checks. The only way Troy was able to pay for his house was through the governments money. Thats the only way I got a roof over my headCaus...

Sunset Blvd. Essay -- essays research papers

The Thematic Intentions ofSunset BoulevardThe movie Sunset Boulevard directed by Billy frenzied and staring the main characters of Norma Desmond, Joe Gillis, and Max Von Mayerling is ideal example of how important film making techniques help depict a movies core nucleotide intentions with vivid clarity. Classic Hollywood is the prototypical thing that comes to mind when hotshot speaks ab step forward this films mode. This signature category combined with the visual ardour of realism and its continuity editing detailed mise-en-scene and all of its characteristics and lastly the use of reoccurring motifs with formalistic qualities make the audience grasp the central theme of good how vicious the actual motion industry can be to the individuals that keep its alive. I hope to convey all of this by dint of a detailed business relationship involving and about specific scenes included in the film and a direct tie-in of how the precise attributes above play such an important role in expressing that theme.The first scene that will be analyzed is that of opening credits and just how exactly this begins to set the stage for the main theme. In the rattling first frame, which also becomes the establishing shot, we come to a high angle shot that is zoomed in close on the words Sunset Blvd painted on a path curb as the image is also flooded with dramatic nondie surviveic music. This becomes very important because the curb is also the gutter. Here, non even ten seconds into the movie, do we get our first glimpse of what the film is about the mise-en-scene here involving a symbolic visual correlation to the central theme an this gutter frame is depicted through this entire establishing shot. Along with this we get more connection through the voice over actually describing, in an almost a sarcastic manner which should not be the case at all, about a murder on this high class, high status block. Its almost as if this is a actualise depiction of the true chaos tied in with how this Hollywood life can and will be to the people involved with it. As the film zooms out to a long shot of Sunset, we see the police brigade come and wiz by through a very quick pan shot. The nigh thing is a cross cut to the actual mansion where more commotion is viewed at an obvious murder scene. Bottom line is that the mise-en-scene involved here does an excellent job setting up the movies thematic intentions.... ... truly thinks is going to be another film. The whole scene in its entireness depicts that once again the dream can be destroyed just as her life has done the same. The final integration of this motif comes in the very last frame as the movie fades out only this is not a normal fade out. Instead Wilder chooses to blur the fade into an eerie white, which gives us a sense that the dream is now finally over.In conclusion I hoped to have demonstrated just how the all the specific film making techniques used throughout the film help to define the central th eme as it is intertwined with the action. As I have conveyed, realism is just one of the very important aspects that help the production of this film come to the close of its solid final cut. I think that this being the ultimate visual style of the picture it is what made this movie so great. It got the point across and it definitely had an influence on the way films were shot after it. In a way, it becomes smorgasbord of ironic. A film created in Hollywood that molds a horrid model of how messed up its own surroundings can be, actually end up constitution the industry it finds itself in. That in my opinion is, in itself, supreme filmmaking.

Rape on College Campuses :: Sexual Violence Crimes Essays

Rape on College CampusesNicole Johnson*, a 22-year-old senior at an area university looks back at her college down as graduation approaches, generally happy with how everything turned out, however, a dark cloud still looms over her freshman year when she was raped.I went to a political party with a few girls I just met, Nicole recalls. I had two beers and felt really drunk and could barely stand up. After lying down in an empty room in the apartment, Nicole only remembers the moment she woke up. I passed out and when I woke up there was a guy having sex with me. I woke up in the middle of it.Johnson has become a statistic. In America, 1.3 women are raped every minute, 78 every hour, 56,160 every month, and approximently 683,280 women will be sexually assailed by the end of this year. The attacker could be a perfect stranger or someone she knows, either way creating an emotionally damaging situation.Legally, one might adore how sexual infract is defined. According to Massachusett s State law, there are two major categories of sexual assault against adults. One of these is rape, and the other is indecent assault and battery. Rape is defined as sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse with a person and compels such person to submit by force and against his/her will, or compels such person to submit by threat of bodily injury. Rape and attempted rape are punishable by up to 20 years in prison. The crime of indecent assault and battery occurs when an attacker, has non-consensual physical contact with a person in a sexual manner. This could be any unwarranted physical contact to a persons private body. This assault is punishable to up to five years in prison.The absolute majority of sexual assaults are committed against women between the ages of 15 and 25, making college-aged women the group with the highest vulnerability to being assaulted. In fact, according to Kelly Walker from campusspeak.com, and a sexual assault survivor, one in four women will b e raped during their college experience. Furthermore, during ones freshman year, they are at the highest risk time for assault, according to the northeastern University Police Department.The Northeastern Police Department has their own web site with an extensive report on sexual assault and its statistics. In 1990, the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus aegis Policy and Campus Crimes Act was put into place.

Finding Freedom with a Dodge Truck and Love with a Zales Diamond Essay

Finding Freedom with a Dodge Truck and Love with a Zales DiamondTelevision commercials, although usually ignored and generally disliked by the public, are more than influential than most people think. Their concepts are subconsciously absorbed and whether or not viewers realize it, they leave an disturb on their minds. Marie Winn quotes an English instructor in her essay, Television Addiction, as saying I find television almost irresistible. When the set is on, I cannot ignore it. I cant turn it off (506). Advertisers know that people become addicted to television shows and because of this, they are forced to watch the commercials as well. These repetitious commercials stun the consumers influenced by what they see. For example, Dodge promoters use a ram as their mascot which is reflected in their motto Grab Life by the Horns, and it is shown at the end of all their commercials. They call for you to seize the freedom in life that you have while making a Dodge gondola a part of it. Another example of an overturn idea promoted in a commercial is the Zales diamond advertisement where a man expresses his love for his girlfriend by not only unrestrainedly shouting it out loudly, but also by presenting her with a beautiful diamond ring. While these commercials induce people to buy their products, they also evoke certain emotions, more specifically the ideas of freedom and love.Dave Barry states in his essay, Red, White, and Beer, Lately Ive been feeling very patriotic, especially during commercials (519). So, commercials have the power to make consumers feel particular emotions. For instance, the Dodge car promoters use an outdoor setting in their commercial to advertise their trucks. The area is a vast, wide open plain with no... ...tisement for it, because of its visual representation. In conclusion, advertisers have the concern of not only tempting viewers to buy a product, but also the power to make them feel emotions through visually showing diverse s ituations. Dodge wants you to break away from the norm and embrace freedom while Zales encourages spontaneity in love. In order to fulfill these emotions, the viewers are generate to purchase the product, therefore accomplishing the task of the advertisers.Works CitedBarry, Dave Red, White, and Beer The McGraw-Hill Reader 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller new(a) York McGraw Hill, 2003, 519-521Dove, Rita Loose Ends The McGraw-Hill Reader 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller New York McGraw Hill, 2003, 503-505Winn, Marie Television Addiction The McGraw-Hill Reader 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller New York McGraw Hill, 2003, 505-507

Finding Freedom with a Dodge Truck and Love with a Zales Diamond Essay

Finding Freedom with a Dodge Truck and Love with a Zales Diamond telecasting commercials, although usually ignored and generally disliked by the public, are more influential than most people think. Their concepts are subconsciously absorbed and whether or non viewers realize it, they leave an impact on their minds. Marie Winn quotes an English instructor in her essay, Television Addiction, as saying I find television some irresistible. When the set is on, I cannot ignore it. I cant turn it off (506). Advertisers know that people become addicted to television shows and because of this, they are constrained to watch the commercials as well. These repetitious commercials get the consumers influenced by what they see. For example, Dodge promoters use a ram as their mascot which is reflected in their motto Grab Life by the Horns, and it is shown at the end of all their commercials. They want you to seize the freedom in life that you have while making a Dodge car a part of it. Another ex ample of an abstract idea promoted in a commercial is the Zales diamond advertisement where a man expresses his love for his girlfriend by not only unrestrainedly shouting it out loudly, but also by presenting her with a beautiful diamond ring. While these commercials induce people to sully their products, they also evoke certain emotions, more specifically the ideas of freedom and love.Dave Barry states in his essay, Red, White, and Beer, Lately Ive been pure toneing very patriotic, especially during commercials (519). So, commercials have the power to launch consumers feel particular emotions. For instance, the Dodge car promoters use an outdoor setting in their commercial to advertise their trucks. The area is a vast, wide open apparent(a) with no... ...tisement for it, because of its visual representation. In conclusion, advertisers have the job of not only tempting viewers to buy a product, but also the power to make them feel emotions through visually showing different si tuations. Dodge wants you to break away from the norm and embrace freedom while Zales encourages spontaneity in love. In direct to fulfill these emotions, the viewers are induced to purchase the product, therefore accomplishing the task of the advertisers.Works CitedBarry, Dave Red, White, and Beer The McGraw-Hill reviewer 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller New York McGraw Hill, 2003, 519-521Dove, Rita Loose Ends The McGraw-Hill Reader 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller New York McGraw Hill, 2003, 503-505Winn, Marie Television Addiction The McGraw-Hill Reader 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller New York McGraw Hill, 2003, 505-507

Admission Essay for the University of Alaska Anchorage

I am of the firm belief that a mortal without a defining vision for matchlessself is only as good as that someone living without a sense of direction and meaning in ones life. This is because I find it needless to contend that personal vision is an essential ingredient to live a sensible life.Vision, if I may argue, is the unadulterated fount from where all our actions flow, if not from where all our causes take cue. For that reason, I am inclined to think that, only when a person is able to appreciate a complete picture of who he or she is, not the least an idea of what one wants to be complete in his or her life, can that someone truly come to understand the essence of living a meaningful life.In ways more than one, I am applying at the University of Alaska Anchorage moved by the controlling motive to pursue a vision which I aim long believed to be a noble vocation which my heart truly beats for i.e., to depart a successful pilot for the commercial industry, by capitalizing on the learning that I can gain from a Bachelors stratum in foreign Studies.And believe that I can become successful in my chosen field if I am able to pour a fair summate of effort in setting my academic and professional goals right at the onset.Of paramount importance to my vision is to finish a Bachelors Degree in world(prenominal) Studies. Since the nature of my prospective profession entails immersing myself into the vastly diverse cultures of the world, I believe that a Degree in International Studies is, essentially, of no small importance to my personal and professional journey.At the very least, a degree in International Studies can surely help me appreciate the many different facets of benignant dynamics, projected, as it were, onto the larger sphere on international arena.And by allowing me to obtain a Degree in International Studies, I believe that the University can become instrumental in helping me appreciate my profession not only as a career, but also nay, eve n more so an boulevard for greater appreciation of, and respect for world cultures.Secondly, I have reasons to think that my past experiences have been largely contributory to my decision to take up International Studies. Having been raised into a Bush Alaskan environment, where diversity more than anything else thrived, in addition to having been given a rare opportunity to briefly pursue pedant training in Australia, as well having been into not a few States and world countries during my childhood and early adulthood years, I believe that I have a lot of experiences that need dutiful interpretation under the lenses of academic sciences.This is where, I can only surmise, the University steps in. For one, I am more than real that the University can help me through the courses slated in its International Studies Degree to put into wise perspectives the lessons that I have already gained from my otherwise rich life experiences.

How I Would Direct Act 5 Scene 1 From Macbeth Essay

IntroductionIf I were to direct a new mutation of Scene 1 of Act 5 in Macbeth I would make it a new-fangledised version. The characters would wear modern c propagatehes and live in modern surroundings and the story would overhear to be slightly alter to fit this modern pruneting. I think that I could still let the characters use archaic language as in the current Macbeth script. The motion picture would be less formal as it let onms to be in the RSC version, it would be a lot more relaxed. I would try to make the scene more arouse for younger people and the target audience would be around 12-18. The film would not be a comedy or an action film it would be a tragedy film. To make the scene interesting for this audience I would have to change universey parts of the scene equivalent the photographic camera angles, colours and costumes.CastingI would like peeress Macbeth to be a small person who bets defenceless further has a strong mind rather like Sarah Siddons who firs t renovateed the part of maam Macbeth in 1785. lady Macbeth would be a very harsh person who deteriorates throughout the film and in this crabby scene is very weak, defenceless and also very stressed. She would not be as old as the madam Macbeth from the RSC version and would be a lot more like that of the Polanski version. She will also look very pale as she is worried about what she is going to do and she will also have make-up on so she looks tired with bags under her eyes. similarly in this scene would be the Gentlewoman who, in my version would be like a housemaid in a large modern houshold. She would be preferably large (but not withal big) and she would be a very friendly and consoling person who was very lively and hyperactive. The Maid would be a very sure and decisive person who would be confident in her own decisions. Also the Maid would be very reliable and a trustworthy person. She would talk a lot in the scene and would be very loyal to Lady Macbeth. She would be very shocked by Lady Macbeths unusual behaviour just like the Gentlewoman in the RSC version. You would be able to see her concern for Lady Macbeth in the actors eyes. The Maid would belike not be English as many Maids in modern times are from alien countries.The last person to be cast in this scene would be the renovate. In my version the Doctor would be a very sympathetic man who thrills for his patients he would reassure the maid and would be very informed and helpful for Lady Macbeth. As with the maid the repair would be very shocked and would be worried by Lady Macbeths behaviour unlike the doctor in the Polanski version. The doctors would look very professional but also very caring. The doctor would also be a quite an old man.CostumeThe costumes in my scene would be quite light and modern and would not be too dark as I thought the costumes used in the RSC version were (or was that because it was in black and white?). I think that Lady Macbeth would wear a night-gown o r something similar and would have long blur, probably blonde unlike the RSC version as I did not think that short brown hair would fit with my scene or settings. Lady Macbeth would be quite small also, giving the impression of a defenceless person.The Maid would be wearing the distinctive maid clothes, probably a dress that was white and blue or black She would be holding a tray of some sort with drinks on. The Doctor would probably be wearing a Hugo Boss suit and have grey hair. He would also wear small glasses that he would wear on the end on his nose which is always raisen as a sign of in break upigence. He would enter the room with a black suitcase and would have a professional image. I would also like the Doctor to have a small beard aswell.MovementIm my scene the Maid and the Doctor would enter the bedroom of Lady Macbeths house quickly and as they were walking the would be talking. then(prenominal) Lady Macbeth would enter rubbing her hands in a jerky way and very quickly like the Polanski version. Lady Macbeth would be shivering while the Doctor and Maid were looking on at her. Then Lady Macbeth would go to bed talking in her sleep. After this the concerned Doctor would exit and the scene ends.Language And PerformanceIm my scene Lady Macbeth would have a quiet tone of vocalization and would whisper some of her lines. She would not cry out as loud as in the RSC version as I think that it was a bit too exaggerated in that interpretation of the scene. The tone of her voice would be horrified and panicked and would be very alarming to watch. Her voice would be as if it was on the edge and she was about to snap and go completely mad. She needs to show venerate aswell when she says Hell is murky because this is showing her fear of death and going to hell for what she has done.The Doctor in this scene would be calm on the outside but he would feel very shocked and he would be asking the Maid questions very quietly almost whispering. The Maids tone of voice would also be shocked and she would almost scream from see the distressed Lady Macbeth. She would look away and would seem to be suffering pain from Lady Macbeths suffering. Her voice would show this. I think my version of this scene would be more emotional that the Polanski version but less emotional than the RSC version, it would be a balance between the two. Even though it would be set in modern times the language would remain the same as the original Macbeth script and no parts would be edited from the scenes except for censorship.I would direct some parts of the scene to be how I want them to be shown. At the start of the scene when the Doctor says What have you heard her say the Maid must look extremely worried about what she might tell the doctor. As Lady Macbeth walks out the doctor and Maid will talk in a whisper so that they do not disturb her. Lady Macbeth must look alone and have a blank look on her face. When she says Yet heres a spot referring to the blood which cannot seem to be removed from her hands she must seem angry and frustrated but also sorry for herself. It should seem as though Lady Macbeth is announcing her troubles. The Maid must seem very forgiving and concerned at this point. As the speech of Lady Macbeth goes on she needs to get more and more strengthened up before crying at the end (but not too loud as in RSC).Camera AnglesMy version of this scene would have a long shot of the Macbeth household at the start of the scene and then would have close ups of the characters faces as in both the Polanski version and the RSC version. This way you can see the characters faces close up so you can almost see what they are thinking. I could also have a Lady Macbeth camera where there is a camera that seems as if it its inside Lady Macbeths head, showing what she sees and hears, this would let the audience know what Lady Macbeth was thinking and seeing and would involve them more in the film.For example when she is trying to wash the b lood off her hand but in her dreams she cannot, I could switch to the Lady Macbeth camera to show her saying Out, damned spot And showing the camera pointing at her hand with the blood on it. Then I could switch back to the discompose Doctor and Maid wondering what is going on. I think this would be a good way of showing the scene.Relationships With Other CharactersLady Macbeth in my issue of the scene would be very close to her Maid and they would care for each other. The Maid would care for Lady Macbeth a lot more than Lady Macbeth would care for the Maid because Lady Macbeth is in my version a very harsh person who does not care much for anyone except for her husband Macbeth. The Maid would be exceptionally loyal to Lady Macbeth and follow all of her orders. The Doctor would also be very caring for both characters and he would trust the Maid although he would be slightly confused as to what is going on and he would rely on the Maid to inform him.Staging, Setting and LightingI w ould set the scene in the Macbeth household which would be in the Scottish Highlands. As the setting is so modern the story before this scene would have had to be altered slightly for example instead of killing the King, Macbeth could have killed his boss and become the Manager of a company. The house would be very large and modern and the scene would be mainly set inside Lady Macbeths bedroom. The furniture would be very expensive and modern and the room would be quite light but would have red curtains which the sun would shine through making the whole room seem the colour of blood which would symbolise risk and insecurity.The bed would be a very ornate but modern four poster bed. The Macbeths would be a very upmarket family. This setting would be very different to the setting of the RSC version which seemed to be set on a stage with not much scenery. My version will be similar the Polanski version in that it would be in a proper film set. I would also have a good soundtrack tha t was one of the things (I think) was missing from both versions of the scene that we saw. The music would be included in the scenes to create more atmosphere but it would be good music that would add atmosphere without unfeignedly being noticed.General ImpressionThe general impression hopefully made from my scene would be that the audience feels sympathetic towards Lady Macbeth. They should be drawn in so that they end up feeling sorry for her when earlier on in the play they thought she was a deceitful and cold blooded person. It should show people that you cant hide murder or at least she couldnt. I would also keep ideas of blood, sleep and water in the play as these devices add to the drama of the film.

Brave New World Analysis on Characters

Brave New World Analysis on Characters The worlds stable now. sight are happy they get what they hope, and they never want what they cant get they are so conditioned that they practically cant alleviate behaving as they ought to behave (Huxley 198). Many people speak and dream active a completed world, for the problems which we face in the present world to simply hardly go away. Brave New World is a novel which shows an example of what life would be like in a utopian society.Read alike Analysis of Characters in Flannery OConnors The Life You Save May Be Your OwnIt shows the differences that politeness has against the savage world, which is how we live in present day. The characters in Brave New World all experience the controversy between nature vs nurture ultimately leading to their unhappiness. An case-by-case can be effrontery everything they need but yet still live unhappy. This especially can be seen with one of the main characters in Brave New World, Bernard. He was a n of import Plus, the highest class in civilization, but unfortunately didnt look like most Alphas (69). Despite his class, he was an outcast and spent most of his time alone.The narrator in the novel explains, The mockery made him tonicity an outsider and feeling an outsider he behaved like one, which increased the prejudice against him and aroused hostility about his physical defects which increased the sense of being alien and alone (68). Although he had a high title it didnt make him feel happy. He mat like there was more than to life than a set routine they were all given in civilization. Bernard felt himself different he wanted to feel emotions and not just live day by day on fake happiness.Bernard expresses his frustration to be feel different when he states, But wouldnt you like to be free to be happy in some other way, Lenina? In your own way, for example, not in everybody elses way (90). Bernard was trite of being enslaved by his conditioning. The people of the New World were all taught to think, act, and see things a certain way. No individuality. Living in a controlled world doesnt cause happiness, it just numbs people of actual feelings. Lenina is a pneumatic girl, very popular, and has spent a night with almost all of the men in civilization. Pleasure was key in the controlled world.She found herself wanted by men, and like most women enjoyed having sex with men. When Lenina began talking to Bernard, she didnt agree with him on wanting more to life. Shed rather be on public figure, a drug that would numb them from any true emotions, whenever she felt a little uneasy, just like everyone else. Leninas unhappiness comes when Bernard takes her into the Savage world and she sees how conjuring trick and Linda and everyone else is living. Her immediate reaction was to find some soma. She couldnt believe how people grew old, suffered, and had to deal with everyday problems.Lenina began falling for tush and quickly realized that she wanted somet hing specifically with him that most men couldnt satisfy. Lenina states to her friend Fanny, And what about a man one man. Hes the one i want and in intervals I still like him. I shall always like him (171). Lenina had never felt like this before, therefore she didnt know how to handle it. The however thing she knew of about men was to have sex with them. When toilette rejected sleeping with her, she was all in all taken by surprise. The narrator explains, Drying her eyes she pulled out her soma bottle hers had been more than a one-gramme affliction (157).Never being in the position, she immediately turned to soma to help her cope with what she was feeling. She has been living numb to emotion and for the number 1 time she was forced to feel unwanted and ached for an escape. Linda was a Delta in a civilized world who went on a trip with the Director to the Savage world. unluckily for her she had fell and bumped her head, causing her to get lost and be taken in by Native American s (112). The Director searched for her but was never able to find her. To her warning signal she was pregnant and had a baby named John. Linda only knew how to act like a civilized person.She was very promiscuous and like the controlled world, began to sleep around with different men. This was fantastic to the Savage World and they then began to call her names and make her an outcast. Linda stated, I was so ashamed. Just to think of it me a Beta having a baby (114). Having John was very difficult for her. Linda had no idea how to be a mother, how to nurture, or even how to be a good role model for the child. Linda vista of how everlasting(a) her life would be if she were to return to the civilized world, returning to soma. She was willing to do whatever just to be back in the New World, here was her mien so the best people were quite determined not to see Linda. And Linda, had no desire to see them. The return to civilization was for her the return to soma (142). Linda thought all her problems would be solved by going back to the controlled world, but in fact they made her even more depressed and unwanted. She had nobody remove for John and she would rather be numb and not feel anything than deal with civilization. Where would she find true happiness if in the Savage World she is discriminated for her ways, and in civilization she no longer fits in.Living in the Savage world, one can only imagine how perfect the civilized world could be. Unfortunately, having came from the savage world John had something to differentiate the controlled world to. Being the son to a women in the civilized world, he had heard nothing but wonders about it. On the other hand, having been raised in the Savage World allowed John to learn morals and want to find a purpose in life. When John reached the civilized world he was completely disappointed on how fake everything and everyone was. How much I love you, Lenina or always to make a promise to live together for always (174 ). John had seen his mother sleep with so many men and get teased by it that he did not want to just sleep with the women he liked. He wanted to marry and be with just that one. For Lenina this was just nonsense, and that just made John not want anything to do with her. He wanted to feel a special connection with Lenina that she had never had before. By the end John decides to be isolated because he would rather deal with his emotions than live in a perfect world numb and unhappy.Ultimately, the utopian society didnt mean solving all problems and people forever living happy. If a civilization is all an individual knows, how is it that they still manage to be unhappy? There is no happiness when people are living numb from what is really going on. When it comes to the topic of a utopian society vs the kind of society in which we currently live in, I think there is really no solution. We are human and as much as they can try to condition human beings, there is still going to be some ki nd of downfall.

Living on Your Own Essay

Living on your own doesnt seem to be a big ken in the beginning. Despite all the disadvantages of dungeon on your own the benefits of it are far greater. While living on your own you keep develop alpha life skills such as time management and greater responsibility, which exit lead to a more mature stage of life. When this stage of life is achieved you groundwork decide what and how you want to live the rest of your life. When it comes to the point of living away from your parents house a big door to freedom is opened up where thither is nobody except yourself and a lot of time and amours you can play with.Privacy is perhaps one of the most important things you receive when you are living on your own. Coming home from work or school to find in that location is nobody sitting watching a TV program you do not like or someone trying to force you to eat when you are not hungry. Also there pull up stakes be nobody there to annoy you with their questions or their whole day in detai l on a daily basis.On top of the privacy issue most infantile people these days are complaining that there is someone pushing on them for their time management. If you are living on your own this problem will virtually cease to exist. You have to decide when the rime comes to do your homework, eat, sleep, go to school or go to work. It seems if you have all that freedom nobody can stop you from doing whatever you want when you want except for you. This is great as long as you manage your time well and dont ripe end up partying all the time, but also have time for school and work things will be great.Another great thing close living on your own is that it is very challenging and adventurous. Great opportunities come around every day which you can take advantage of. The best thing about it is even if the opportunity you had fails you dont tincture embarrassed in front of anybody but yourself. It is obviously better when things work out for you and you feel very proud of yourself b ecause you did it by yourself.In conclusion There are many great more advantages to living on your own thannot. By having chalk up freedom, not having people push on you and making your descisions for you and you have the advantage of learning about life on your own. By lving on your own you will face the biggest challenge in your life. It is human nature to strike out on your own and live independently.

A Taste of Honey How does Shelagh Delaney present the changing factors of Jo’s character? Essay

In this essay I am going to be sounding at the play a taste of honey and looking at the factors of Jos character. This play was written in 1956 the writer Shelagh Delaney was only a teenager when she wrote this playHelen and Jo are stick and daughter and they live in tatty flats. Helen meets a man named peter and they get married. Helen leaves goes to live with peter. Jo meets a male child who is in the navy. They spend Christmas together Jo gets pregnant and the boy leaves. Jo meets another boy called Geof and they set up home together. Geof is bisexual. Helens marriage breaks up because peter goes off with a younger woman. Helen comes back to and moves back in and get disengage of Geof and he leaves and then it is nonplus and daughter againIn the play Jo is the main character as she is always present in the play. In the play Jo meets open who is the father of her child and she also meets Geof who is bisexual and they have a relationship, Jo also has relationships with her mot her Helen. Jo and Helen doesnt get on well with each other and Helen leaves Jo at home when she goes out in the play a lot happens too Jo her mother leaves she gets pregnant, she lives with a bisexual and her mother returnsThought out the play Jos character changes at the start Jo is critical as she says to her mother your knocking them back worse than ever she is capital and organised as she says I abominate to see an un-shaded electrical light bulb I will put my scarf around it, im not just talented im jeanious When Jo meets peter her character changes she becomes as she says shes jealous she says this because she is jealous of her mother. Jo becomes quarrelsome when she says I fannyt bear to see me being affectionate with anyone Jo also becomes annoying. When her mother Helen leaves Jo becomes resentful of her mother as she says you dont half knock them back these days this is her being resentful of her mother.Jo is also hurt as her mother has left her when she says you equival ent to leave me but she says this because she does not want here mother with her because she has hurt her. When her mother leaves she also feels un chicaned by her mother. Jo changes again when she meets Jimmy she becomes flirtatious when she says I love you and when Jo says I cant resist myself. Jo also becomes coy when Jo says its my school fille complexion and anything might happen Jo also likes wariness because she did not get any love of her mother.Jo also says to Jimmy you enjoyed it as much as I did she says this because she is getting the attention she wants. Jo character changes again when she meets Geof she becomes overbearing my calling him a big sister. Jo also becomes cynical itll always be number one by itself and becomes frightened when she is heavily pregnant, she is frightened when she says I dont want this deflower I dont want to be a woman. When Jos mother Helen comes back she gets rid of Geof this is when Jo is in labour and becomes less assertive when she s ays are you coming back Jo becomes resigned by baby will be back she becomes less assertive when she cant argue back when she is in labour.Shelagh Delaney uses hammy devices to show the changes into Jos character, the first one I am going to write close is affair and fights that take place between all characters thither are quarrels between Helen and Jo there is also quarrels and fights between Jo and Peter. When Jo physically attacks peter this is because he is taking her mother away from her. Helen and Jo have had another argument about Helens engament to peter. There is also conflict between Helen, Jo and Geof when they argue about the care of Jo. When Helen and peter are about to split up there is argumentss between them. It is to avoid conflict that Geof leaves to avoid conflict as he is precise selfless.In the play there is a lot of contrast there are love scenes juxtaposed with quarrels with Helen and Jo Helen and peter and which Jo and Jimmy where they say Will you marry me and I love you and Helen shows love to Jo why dont you lie down which is another love hate relationshipIn the play there are two very different people Jo is frightened, Critical, Determined and insecure Helen is Selfish, bossy, neglectful, and disorganized.There are also 3 different men who visit the flat they are Peter who drinks, insults, and is homophobic Geof who is bisexual, caring, supportive, and hard working and finally there is Jimmy who loves, immature, persuasive, and reliable.In the play there is a use of harmony and dance, each character is introduced with some music can suggest aspects of there character the music gives a surreal effect and can help gives the time gaps in the playUse of dramatic unities is clear unity of place is shaven when everything in the play is in of near the flat people visit the flat, and leave. The only person who stays in the play the whole way thought is Jo.The unity of time is clear when in the play everything happens in a year Jo move s from a school girl to a working loving partner into a loving relationship to a parent.The unity of action is shown when the play comes full cycle. It is cyclical that Helen and Jo are alone in the flat and the cycle of deprivation continues but there is a new life on its way. Jo mirrors Helen in that they have both a failed relationship.In the play the use of language reveals the factors in which cause Jo to change there are insults between the characters. There is also a use of expletives like loco Bitch and little bastard and sour faced old bitch. The educated language of Helen shows her using impressive vocabulary like when she says The only polish I can find in your immediate presents is your ultimate absents. Jimmy also has an educated language as he has knowledge of Shakespeare.The social conclusions straightforward aspects of Jos character. Poor housing is clear in Jos character Jo lives in a small 1 bed-roomed flat and it has a shared prat with the other flat. The flat is in Manchester and it is by the ship cannel which is polluted the flat is also by the gas works which smells, this means that the cost of housing in the area is low. Helen has a low income as she is a prostitute and Jo has 2 low paided jobs. Geof has a student grant from the government and he makes clothes for the baby as it is cheaper than buying them. Helen is a prostitute she properly became a prostitute because she might have had no money and she also had a child to support.

Suicide and the Harm Principle

The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of extreme suffering is the mor all in ally sound action as op ticktockd to the alternative, living in irritation. J. S. molars Utilitarian topicls provide strong springing to support self-importance-destruction in instances of arrant(a) pain, while Kants moral theory of the monotonic arbitrary provides reasoning against taking stars own liveliness. Mills principle of expediency is the preceptization of sport and the reduction of pain. Mill regards mirth as the greatest good in purport and all actions should be performed as long as they have the t removeency to produce pleasure.Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to adjudicate whether coercion is justifiable based on the seismic disturbance of one-on-one actions. Stated, the Harm Principle is the only purpose for which power faeces be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his volition, is to prevent deterioration to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant (On Liberty, I, 9). Mill believe that individuals have the right to autonomy in decree to produce pleasure for themselves, but the right to autonomy must be controlled to allow equal exercise of this right by all individuals.To understand the applications programme of Mills principles, legal injury must be defined. Harm is damage to another individual against their will. Mill introduces two types of impose on _or_ oppress direct and collateral. Direct harm is when an individual performs an action that directly harms another person, such(prenominal) as murder. Indirect harm is when the individual performs an action that apparent movements damage to others through performing an action on ones self. (On Liberty, I, 11) The distinction between indirect and direct harm determines whether the individual who performed the action resulting in the harm is morally responsible for the harm inflicted.Mill offers critical towards the definition of harm and the distinction between direct and indirect harm. He writes Whenever, in shortly, there is a definite damage, or a definite risk of exposure of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the province of liberty, and placed in that of morality or legality (On Liberty, IV, 10) Mill states that when individual actions pose a risk of definite damage, the individual is responsible to society for those actions.Therefore, definite harm is direct harm to others and all other harms are either (1) indirect harm to others or (2) direct harm to oneself and undeserving of legal or moral sanctions. However, the word definite is vague, leaving the definitions of indirect and direct harm unclear. To determine responsibility and appropriate sanctions to punish and deter, Mill employs a central idea of his theory personal autonomy. Personal autonomy is an individuals ability to copy their own good in their own way, one of Mills quaternion absolute rights (On Liberty, I, 14).Each individual has the absolute right to exercise this autonomy, unless their actions impact the autonomy of another person. In cases where autonomous actions result in direct harm to others, either the government is justified in imposing legal sanctions such as jail time, or society is justified in imposing moral sanctions, such as shaming. Therefore, to determine whether direct harm was committed, one looks at whether one individual caused the abridgment of another individuals absolute rights. Exegesis In this section, a case will be presented to prompt discussion round the morally well-groundedity of self-annihilation.Mills reasoning will include a utility figuring and an evaluation of direct and indirect harm. Consider the following case. A young woman named Jane, aged 29, finds out she has the Parkinsons gene. Jane watched her mother die from the disease and does not want to die the way her moth er did. When the symptoms begin to quite a little in and worsen, she decides to commit suicide. She knows that she can live many more than years with the disease but she knows that her quality of liveness will be reduced. Jane believes that her quality of life will be so diminished that goal is the only option. Is it right for Jane commit suicide?Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is directly imposed on herself, all other consequences of her action are considered indirect as they occur through Janes self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the pain of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further justify her decision on utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism) For Jane 1. T hold backen cy to cause pleasure 100 units 2. T finishency to cause pain 50 units For the aggregate of the other people affected 3. Tendency to cause pleasure 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain 20 units Hence recreation 110 units, Pain 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her suffering. She views suicide as the mean to her ultimate end blessedness. For Jane, the pain of dying is less than the pain of living. After seeing her mother die from Parkinsons disease, she makes the well-grounded decision to not die the same way.She recognizes that death is the end of her life and the pain of leaving her family and friends does impact on this decision. Yet, when compared to the suffering she will endure as her Parkinsons progresses, the pleasure derived from these relationships is not enough to induce her to live. For the aggregate of the community, pleasure derived from Jane performing the action of suicide would be the comfort in knowing that (a) her wishes were respected and (b) her suffering is relieved. However, the pain of Janes suicide outweighs the pleasure as the interests of the aggregate are compromised by her death.Upon her death, they mourn her loss and her loss deprives them of their relationship to her, along with other interests that she contributed to satisfying in living her life. Compared to the look on of Janes pleasure and pain, the value of the aggregate of all other affected persons is less. Jane is directly impacted by her action, while all the others are indirectly impacted. Mill gives more consideration to direct actions as they are in the sphere of personal responsibility. Harm suffered outside of Janes sphere of action, or indirect actions, are of lesser value to Jane as she has no moral responsibility for indirect harm.Furthermore, the indirect harm does not violate anyones liberty rights and is therefore of lesser value than the direct harm. Therefore, Jane is justified in placing a lowe r value on the aggregate pain and pleasure of the community compared to her personal pain and pleasure. Hence, the tendency to cause pleasure outweighs the tendency to cause pain and the action should be performed. When one decides to commit suicide, Mill would argue that the only person directly affected is the individual.However, Mill writes No person is an entirely isolated being, showing how an individuals actions are never completely self-regarding (On Liberty). There will always be affected parties by your actions. While the family and friends of the individual will mourn the death, they are mourning the loss of a life. The loss of life affects the family and friends by harming the interests that they had in the advantage of the individual as a human life. For example, if the Jane was a mother, her family has a strong interest in maintaining their family structure and growing up with a present mother.While the harm is indirect, it is significant and definite as the family wil l be affected for the rest of their lives. With her death, their interests are compromised. The principal interest of all rational humans is happiness and interests fare the purpose of maximizing pleasure and reducing pain (Utilitarianism, II, 2). Pleasure is derived from living a good life and interests are what the individual desires to attain happiness. The pursuit of happiness is done through satisfying the individual interests of a person, hence to deny an individual of these interests would be to deny them of their happiness.The definitions of direct and indirect harm appear unacceptable in determining the morality of an action however, by evaluating the importance of personal autonomy, a more satisfying conclusion is reached. If interests are the means to the ultimate end of happiness, then the individual who wants to commit suicide is a mean to the ultimate end of her family and friends happiness. If the individual satisfies her own happiness by committing suicide, she is performing an action to get through her ends. Mill writes that the only justification needed for determining the desirability of an action is whether it is desired. Utilitarianism, IV, 3) As the individual desires to die, it is sufficient evidence that the action will provide happiness to the individual. Whether this action affects the interests of others is of minimal concern, as rational beings are not intended to serve as means to anothers happiness. Hence, suicide is justified as long as the individual achieves the ultimate end of happiness despite harming the interests of others. The Objection In this section, an objection from the perspective of Kant will be presented using the quatern homeworks of his categorical imperative.Immanuel Kant would provide a compelling objection to Mills justification of suicide. Kant offers four formulations of the categorical imperative, proving suicide as an immoral act by the definition that moral actions meet the formulations of the categor ical imperative. First, the Formula of Universal Law, states I ought never to conduct myself except so that I could also will that my maxim become a familiar law(Groundwork, Ak4401) . The maxim that Jane is acting upon is killing ones self to relieve suffering.To will this to become a universal law would be to will that all human suffering can solved through suicide. However, this is a self-defeating maxim as one can not enjoy relief from suffering if one ceases to exist. Second, the Formula of Nature states accomplishment as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature (Groundwork, Ak4421). By this formulation of the categorical imperative, the justification for committing suicide would be that she believes that suicide should be a universal law of nature.To state that suicide should be a universal law of nature is again, as mentioned in the above formulation, self-defeating. Also, Jane, as a rational agent, would not will suicide to be a universal law of nature hence, Kant would conclude that she is not justified in committing suicide. Third, the Formula of Humanity states any rational being exists as an end in itself, not merely as a means to the discretionary use of this or that will, but in all its actions, those directed toward itself as well as those directed toward other rational beings, it must at the same time be considered as an end (Groundwork, Ak4428).Simply put, this formulation of the categorical imperative states that all rational beings are considered ends, rather then just means to anothers ends. Each individual is an end within themselves and all rational being must regard other rational beings as ends rather than means. In Janes decision to commit suicide, Kant would say that she is treating her own life as mere means to achieve her end. Kant explicitly writes the one who has suicide in mind will ask himself whether his action could subsist together with the idea of benevolence as an end in it self (Groundwork, Ak4429).Kant believes that all rational humans are not mere means to ends, but ends within themselves. If one commits suicide, one acts in a way that regards their humanity as a mere means to their happiness, as they believe that happiness is achieved following their death. Kant would argue that suicide degrades humanity on the whole, treating life as a means to the ultimate end, rather than an end in itself (Groundwork, Ak442964). Fourth, the Formula of Autonomy states Not to choose otherwise than so that the maxims of ones choice are at the same time comprehended with it in the same volition as universal law (Groundwork, Ak4441).This formulation of the categorical imperative says that by free will, rational agents dictate laws and by the same free will, rational agents subject themselves to the laws they dictate. Through this formulation, Kant demonstrates the absolute value of reason in rational beings. Through reason, rational beings create the laws through whi ch they live moral lives. Suicide, even in the case of suffering, would not be a law that a rational agent would universally impose upon society for if it were imposed on society, humanity would be degraded.Kant would also argue that Jane has the perfect duty to celebrate her life that this maxim would violate. Her duty relies on the respect for humanity and human life as ends, rather than means. Her violation of the duty through suicide shows a lack of respect for human reason as she is readily able to dispose of her own. Hence, Kant would conclude that the maxim of suicide to relieve suffering is not a valid maxim as it fails to satisfy this formula. Therefore, Kant would argue that suicide to relieve suffering does not satisfy the categorical imperative and is morally wrong.The Rejoinder In this section, Mills response to Kants objection is presented. By recalling the concept of autonomy, Mill refutes Kants objection to suicide. In response to Kants claims that suicide violates the four formulations, Mill would argue that based on the supreme principle of personal autonomy, Kants claims are false. While the maxim of killing ones self to relieve suffering is not one that can be universally applied, the magnitude of suffering is important in considering Janes decision.It is far too encompassing to say that lack of respect for one individuals life will pick out to the erosion of respect for all human life (Edwards). Situations of suicide must be evaluated on an individual basis, not on the premise of respect for the entire human race. Realistically, it is unlikely that Janes suicide will lead to justification of suicide. Occurring every 13. 7 minutes in the US, suicide is a major cause of death but society still functions with relative perceptual constancy and order (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention). Isolated cases do not determine the general state of the world.By failing to consider the consequences of actions for individuals Kants reasoning f alls short by only drawing large-scale conclusions of the impact of motivations on humanity as a whole. The claim that Jane is treating her humanity as mere means to her end is false. Jane has lived her life as she has desired, deriving pleasure throughout the journey. As she nears the end, her pleasure begins to diminish and is overcome by the pain of her disease. Wanting to die before experiencing consuming pain is not a disregard for her life, instead, it is the preservation of the memory of a good life well lived.By wanting to die before her disease debilitates her, she maximizes the pleasures of life by avoiding pain. Furthermore, suicide does not represent a disregard for human rationality. Janes suicide is a triumph of human rationality. Because of reason, she is able to justify her decision to commit suicide by using the observation of her mothers death as well as the medical facts that allow her to (1) know that she throw the gene that will give her the disease and (2) re cognize the symptoms of Parkinsons while determining how far the disease can progress without compromising her happiness.Analysis This section will offer an analysis of the arguments of both Kant and Mill in their ability to determine the morality of suicide. While it is important to recognize that Kants categorical imperative provides good reasoning promoting the preservation of life, the argument falls short in understanding the degree of personal suffering and the toll this suffering takes on an individual. The categorical imperative focuses on motives behind actions, but with an action such as suicide, where the end result is death, motives matter less than consequences.However, if the maxim under which Jane operates was stated as Act in a way that promotes happiness and reduces pain, both Kant and Mill may be satisfied. By this maxim, all the formulas stated above are valid and Mills principle of utility is satisfied. Autonomy lies at the heart of this dilemma and Mills respons e to Kants objections succeed in demonstrating that. Jane has valid reasons to commit suicide and because she is a rational agent, her reason must be respected.The utility calculation, as well as the concepts of direct and indirect harm, serve as valuable tools in drawing the conclusion that suicide is the morally correct action given Janes state of affairs. Works Cited Kant. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals . (1785). Mill, J. S. On Liberty. (1859). Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism. (1861). Prevention, American Foundation for Suicide. Facts and Figures. 2012. 2012 .

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

Since ancient times, promoters of justice have brought into play rhetorical strategies to persuade their opponents. On April 16, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a garner regarding the criticism several clergymen made, stating that the movements of peaceful resistance to racism from Dr. King were unwise and untimely. In this letter King uses several rhetorical strategies but mainly he pass ons use of 3. In the first one, King uses an outside office staff (Religion), attached the fact that he is trying to persuade Christians.Second, Dr.King appeals to emotion (Ethos), he tries to appeal to their human and trade good side. Third, King employs analogies to emphasize his argument against racism. With these three rhetorical strategies he tries to persuade the clergymen to take action on the injustice that is upon Birmingham against the Negroes. As stated previously, outside authority was used by Dr. King to appeal the clergymen of the racism taking action. Religion has the power t o move such an enormous amount of people and this has been proven since the permeate of time.He know that this man obey the fairnesss of God, knowing this he mentions he came to Birmingham for a good reason by saying Just as the Apostle capital of Minnesota left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my ingest home town. (King, 819) With this quote he is making a religious analogy to make the clergymen understand that he is there for a good occasion, a cause that is as good as Apostle Pauls.Later on the letter, King comp bed his actions with Jesus Christs when he was called an extremist. But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a legal profession of satisfaction from the label. Was non Jesus an extremist for love? (826) This is also a religious analogy, and her e he wants to deliver the message of peace by analyse his actions with the ones Jesus did. He wants to make the clergymen understand that the one they follow would have done the same.Subsequently, Dr. King employs the rhetorical strategy called Ethos, which means emotion. He uses this tactics to make the clergymen see that the ones theyre segregating atomic number 18 not less than any other human being he tries to appeal to their good side. King says Perhaps it is liberal for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation say wait(821) And he then proceeds to quote his son who says Daddy, why do washcloth people treat colored people so mean?To make a point make him see what an innocent mind thinks and how it affects him. He then proceeds to say When you take a cross country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you when you are humiliated day in day out by nagging signs rea ding white and colored when your first name becomes nigger and your middle name becomes boy and your last name becomes John, and your wife and mother are never given the respected title Mrs.Then youll understand why we find difficult to longer willing to wait. (King, 821-822) These are one of the most powerful words this letter has to offer, he emphasizes what a negroe has to suffer day by day. King mentions this to make the clergymen see what it feels like to be segregated, to make them see how unjust it is. Throughout the whole essay Dr. King uses analogies to make his argument sound stronger and emphasize it. Not only does he uses religious analogies he uses historical analogies and geographical.He compares the USA with Africa and Asia The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward gaining independence, but we still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. (King, 821) he makes this analogy so they understand that oth er continents are already far beyond them, that this should have been dealt long ago. Later on he defends himself of the accusations of breaking the law for a good cause. He says We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal.With this analogy he tries to let them know laws are not always correct and thus they have to be changes, and therefore the prohibition of segregation. In conclusion, King uses several rhetorical strategies to convince the clergymen that his actions are not unwise and untimely but the opposite. He gives them reasons to listen to him and convince them. The most important rhetorical strategies where religious appeal, emotion appeal and analogies. With this mix of rhetorical strategies he makes this letter one of the most important piece for the civil right movement.

Critical Review: the Talent Code Essay

TalentCodeCarvingtheStatueofDavid ReviewCoyle,Daniel(2009)TheTalentCodeGreatnessisntborn,itsGrown.Excerpts fromChapter1-TheSweetSpot Whether talent is born or acquired is a hotly debatedtopic,notonlyamongstpsychologistbut also common multitude. In daily life we can observe that some people are admirably good at sometaskwhiletheothersarenot.Somepeoplearegoodatsinging,cooking,playingchessor hatsoever,whereas,therearealsopeoplewhoappeartobegoodatnothing.Butisthisso?Is alenttransferredfromgenerationtogenerationgeneticallyorgifttothechosenonesfromthe Divineprovidence?DanielCoyle,theauthorofthebookTheTalentCodeGreatnessisntborn, itsGrown,mayhaveanswerstomanyofourquestions. Inhisbook,Coylearguesthatnaturaltalentisameremyth.Weallcanacquireanytalent,ifwe know how. A skill is chiseled by a rhythmic pattern of failure and success, leading to the correction of errors. Here the author gives the example of Brunio from Brazil, who practiced football freestyle tricks, encountered failure and then, learns to perform the elastico trick. Similar was the case with Jennie from Dallas, who learned to sing after following thesimilar rhythmicpattern(seep.13) Throughoutthechapter,theauthorwhohimselfwasasportsenthusiast,emphasizedthetalent ofBrazilianplayers.Besidestraining,theauthoralsohighlightsotherfavorablefactorsthrough which we conventionally specify the such high concentration of talented people such as climate,diversepopulation,theurgeforgreatnessandthedesiretoescapepovertythroughthis beautifulgame.TheauthorclaimstohavefoundanothersecretweaponoftheBrazilianplayers. On page 16, he presents an activity comprised of twocolumns.Onecontainingfullyspelled pairofwordsandthewordsinothercolumnshadtheirvowelsmissing(however,youcouldstill guess the whole word). We

Post-CABG Nursing

Coronary heart disease is a major physical illness and one of the main causes of death in Western society People who do non reveal an early and sudden death may commit to consider a major surgical treatment, the or so prevalent being coronary thrombosis thrombosis artery avoid transpose surgery (coronary artery circulate graft). More than 350,000 such(prenominal) trading operations atomic number 18 performed annually in the United States alone. This operation prolongs the life of tolerants in cases of triple-vessel disease It also improves patients grapheme of life), thus providing them with the opportunity for successful rehabilitation (Ben-Zur, 2000).The operative complications of coronary artery bypass graft include the fol disordereding gamey disquiet or depression, central nervous system damage (CNS), and atrial fibrillation. In this paper, we will discuss the postoperative complications of CABG and how they impact nursing practice. . During the rootage severa l weeks by and by CABG surgery, extracts of high anxiety or depression are usually observed (see, for example, Pick, Molloy, Hinds, Pearce, & Salmon, 1994 Trzcieniecka-Green & Steptoe, 1994).In long-term look (that is, approximately one year later on the operation), the results present a much(prenominal) positively charged trend in terms of elevation in positive moods (King, Porter, Norsen, & Reis, 1992 King, Reis, Porter, & Norsen, 1993), as well as an profit in quality of life (Kulik & Mahler, 1993). Such outcomes can be accounted for by illness severity factors. In addition, in recent geezerhood, the individuals personality and coping characteristics throw off been investigated as important determinants of post-CABG patients emotional reactions and rehabilitation (Ben-Zur et al., 2000). Research studies indicate that depression is prevalent in approximately 20% of CAD patients, and has a significant effect on post-surgery morbidity and mortality. (Remedio, 2003). One major type of morbidity following CABG is central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction (. Barbut D, Hinton et al. 1985). Of all the adverse neurological outcomes that may be incurred postoperatively, stroke is one of the just about flagitious.However, due to technological and surgical improvements the incidence of stroke is without delay account to be as low as amongst 0. 8 and 5. 8% McCann GM, et al. 1997) Duke University Medical bone marrow athletic field published in 2001 indicated that fully half of people undergoing bypass surgery developed remembrance or thinking problems in the days following it, and that these problems were usually mute evident five eld later. ( swing surgery and memory, 2005) Consequently, the rate of post-CABG stroke is no longer a sufficient index of CNS dysfunction.neuropsychological research suggests, however, that a considerable proportion of all patients who undergo CABG sustain some degree of noetic damage and that this manifests as mild cogn itive impairment. Although these cognitive deficits rarely disturb activities of daily living, they are still considered cause for concern. Therefore, it is these less severe forms of neurological injury, which are now targeted for reduction in what has been described as an age of quality improvement (Stump D. A. 1995 Stump D. A. , Rogers A. T. , and Hammon , J. W. 1996.Cognitive impairment following coronary artery bypass grafting, Neuropsychological tests are valuable tools in the assessment of brain dysfunction as they provide a rule of systematically and valuedly studying the behavioral expressions of this dysfunction (Lezak, 1995) .As there is now that a low encounter of stroke following CABG, milder forms of cerebral damage defend become a greater revolve around of concern. Consequently, neuropsychological assessment has become more important inside the domain of cardiac surgery. The advantage of neuropsychological tests is that they are capable of detecting elusive ch annelises in cognitive function.In comparison, conventional neurological assessment techniques, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, are less sensitive and therefore less able to detect subtle CNS changes In addition, neurological assessment techniques do not lend themselves as readily to quantitative analysis Heyer E. J, et al. 1995) Cognitive decline has been observed by many researchers using batteries of neuropsychological tests, usually administered to patients in the lead and afterward surgery. A patients pre- and postoperative dozens are then compared. In this way, intersubject variability is minimized as the subjects act as their own sees.While cognitive deficits catch been consistently inform in the immediate postoperative period, some researchers ready readministered test batteries in the immediate postoperative period, typically within 510 days of surgery (Aris A, et al, 1986 Clark et al. , 1995 . impudentlyman MF, Croughwell ND, Blumenthal JA et al. 1994 P ugsley et al, 1994 Shaw PJ et al. 1986 Townes B. D. , Bashein G. , Hornbein T. F. et al. 1989 Symes et al, 2000).. Atrial fibrillation (AF), although t not life threatening, is one of the approximately common complications after CABG.Hospital remain often are prolonged due to intermittent hemodynamic instability of thomboembolic complications. During AF, impairment of synchronous atrial mechanical activity response, and inappropriately high heart rates may have adverse effects o n hemodynamic functions and cause hypotension and hear failure. Of all the complications associated with postoperative AF the most serious are throboemboic complications, which cause permanent morbidity in many patients. Risk of postoperative stroke has been open to be significantly increased with postoperative atrial tacharrhymias.Earlier studies shows that the incidence of AF can be as high as 50% in patients after the incidence of AF can be as high as 50% in patient after coronary artery bypass grafti ng (CABG), with a raising incidence on postoperative day 2 to 3. Atrial impelling refractory periods (ERP) has been used a parameter to evaluate atrial repolarization and ERP and its dispersion are known parameters of atrial vulnerability that indicate compound atrial arrhythmogenesis, include a history spontaneous paroxysmal AF and easy inductility of atrial arrhthmias.( Solyu et al). Pleural magnification occurs in up to 80% of patients during the first week after CABG. Most of these effusions are small, self-limiting and do not require interventions. However, chronic, persistent post-CABG effusions have been reported. The etiology of these persistent effusions remains unknown. ( Lee et al, 2001) quiet disturbances is another large(p) postoperative complication The purpose of a 1996 Schafer et al study was to describe the nature and frequency of residuum pattern disturbances in patients post coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery.An exploratory design using bring forward in terviews at one week, one month, three months and six months was used to describe the incidence and nature of catnap disturbances post CABG surgery. Forty-nine patients completed all quadruple measurement times. More than half of the patients reported sleep disturbances at each measurement time. Sleep disturbances during the first month post CABG were reported to be the result of incisional pain, difficulty finding a comfortable position and nocturia. Although less frequent everywhere time, these problems persisted for six months. . Miller et al (2004) discusses post CABG postoperative symptoms.At 1 week post-CABG, symptoms were incisional pain, wound drainage, breast congestion, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, swollen feet, and loss of appetite incisional pain and swollen feet were reported by a some patients at 6 weeks after CABG. The incidence and frequency of postoperative symptoms declined over time. There were several age-related differences in symptom reports p rior to and at 1 and 6 weeks after the procedure (Miller et al, 2004. ). breast feeding interventions A entire variety of interventions have been tested for retrieval of CABG patients. These 19 studies tested 20 interventions.Most of the interventions were fosteringal in nature and dealt with preoperative or discharge instructions or counsel provided to patients. Preoperative interventions to affect in- hospital recuperation included propaedeutic information about cognitive dysfunction following surgery, preparatory information and counseling about physical and psychologic recovery, and psychiatric counseling. Two of the studies strain VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P.. 1992. compared the enduringness of preadmission versus postadmission preparatory instructions, and one study Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J. 1995 Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al.1988) . compared the effects of music, relaxation, and organise rest on hospital recovery outcomes. One study test ed the effect of in-hospital range-of-motion (ROM) exercises on girdle ROM at discharge. Interventions for hearthstone recovery were delivered close to the time of discharge or within the first couple of weeks following discharge. Most of the studies involved tests of structured discharge preparatory information about kin recovery using slide and tape programs, Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al. 1988 Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. 1993. holler carry done and counseling, Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al.. 198813649-661. , Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. 1993 Beckie T. 1989 Barnason S, Zimmerman L. 1995 outpatient group teaching, Dracup 1982. Dissertation. ,32 and homegoing audiotapes Interventions to promote hazard factor modification behaviors included four studiesDracup KA. 1982. that assessed the effect of structured versus unstructured teaching programs de signed to increase friendship of risk factors and enhance compliance with risk factor modification behaviors.Another study tested an education program that included a behavioral component as well Various outcome variables have been used to evaluate CABG recovery. The most frequently used outcome was mood states 10 of the 19 studies used mood states as an outcome measure. The most frequently used measurement point for hospital recovery outcomes was the first day following surgery and discharge. Home recovery outcomes were usually measured at 1, 3, and 6 months following discharge. Outcomes associated with risk factor modification most often were measured at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months following surgery.What is the effectiveness of the interventions? Preparatory information was the intervention most frequently tested. In the deuce studiesRice VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P. 1992, Anderson EA. 1987 assessing its effectiveness to centralize analgesia use during hospital recovery, preoper ative preparatory information was not set up to be effective. Preoperative preparatory information was shew to be effective in increasing patients comfort and control when experiencing postoperative delirium.There was no support for the ability of preoperative preparatory information to reduce anxiety during in-hospital recovery chuck out preparatory information also was constitute not to be effective in three of the four studies evaluating mood states during home recovery this finding was noted even when individual counseling and telephone usage through were added to the initial information provided Preadmission preparatory information about activity recommencement during hospital recovery was found to be effective in one study (Cupples 1991. but not in another. Rice VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P. 1992).Activity resumption at home was found to be significantly increased by the provision of discharge preparatory information in twoGilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparaci no PA, Tompkins C. 1993 Moore SM. 1996 33 of three studies. Discharge preparatory information aimed at families was not found to be effective in improving family functioning (family cohesion and family communication) during the home recovery periodGiven the small come of studies addressing the effect of preparatory information on physiologic outcomes (blood pressure, heart rate, angina), no conclusions were made about its effectiveness on these variables.Similarly, no conclusions were drawn about the effectiveness of ROM exercises, music, and visual imaging to enhance CABG recovery because of the small single studies testing each of these interventions. There was clear evidence that information interventions designed to increase individuals knowledge about managing recovery experiences during the first home recovery month and about coronary artery disease risk factor modification was effective three of the four studies evaluating this intervention found significant effects.Similarl y, tests of the effectiveness of structured versus unstructured instruction indicated that structured information was more effective in increasing knowledge. Education to enhance compliance with medical regimens and risk factor modifications was found to be effective for some risk modification behaviors but not for others. It appears that information alone does not change behaviors. AllensAllen. 1996. study of an intervention to increase self-efficacy using both counseling and behavior modification techniques represented an important acquittance from previous interventions that were based solely on education and counseling.Although Allen found a positive effect for only one of the risk modification behaviors studied (dietary intake), the addition of a behavioral component is an important change in cardiovascular health behavior modification interventions. Gender differences have been widely explored by nurses. Investigators have identified that gender can constitute a form a bicul turalism (that is, women view surgery as a minor inconvenience, whereas men view it as a major life event). Postoperative symptoms vary, with males experiencing more fatigue, incisional chest pain, and atrial dysrythmias.Conversely, women have more numbness and breast discomfort, heart failure, and operative impairment. The 2 areas wherein the most work has been done are pain and sleep. A egress of descriptive studies have been done on patients self-report of pain, their satisfaction with treatment, and underuse of analgesics. Limited research on interventions to relieve pain has been reported. Despite these studies on pain outcomes, more exploratory work is required for pain associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery, pain, and discomfort at discharge, and subsequently acknowledgement and trialing of interventions to provide pain relief.The relationships between exercise behavior and functional attitude of men and women 5 to 6 years after CABG have not been examined in a representative patient sample. This study (Treat-Jacobson & Lindquist, 2004). compared the 5- to 6-year recovery in a cohort of 184 patients at the Minnesota site of the Post CABG Biobehavioral Study. Data were collected by telephone interview and self-administered questionnaires. Results showed that women had cut back physical (p ? .004) and social (p = . 001) functioning scores men were more likely to participate in regular exercise (p = .01). Exercisers had high functional status scores. ANCOVA demonstrated that differences in measures of functional status by exercise category were maintained even after controlling for age, sex, and symptom severity (p ? .01). In conclusion, individuals who exercised had more positive functional outcomes 5 to 6 years In general, nurse investigators have conducted sufficient studies within each of the generic outcome categories to allow for identification of cardiac surgery-specific outcomes that can be considered nurse sensitive.Artinian (1993 ) demonstrated that in the early recovery phase, only 62% of women spouses felt they were neatend for discharge, with key concerns being the availability of social support, use of coping strategies, personal resources, and cognize what to expect. At 6 weeks after discharge, womens concerns were most often regarding their husbands self-care activities, uncertainty, and husbands physical and mental symptoms. At 1 year after surgery, women reported less social support and greater portion strain than they did at front time periods.48 Other investigators have shown that positive psychosocial adjustment to illness is influenced both by the quality of the patients labor union and level of dysphoria. 49 Nursing interventions to improve family functioning have been reported by a number of investigators. Family members of ICU patients, who were recipients of care from nurses who attended educational sessions and who used checklists to assure provision of information and support, reported lower anxiety and higher satisfaction levels than did families not provided with this level of care.50 Other reports of a controlled trial with a nurse-led psychoeducational intervention51 and follow-up phone calls33 demonstrated no differences in improving patients recovery or family functioning. Further research in this field should focus on determining if these findings persist across different demographic and economic groups Studies of functional status outcomes have focused on general activity and activities of daily living (ADLs). Specific findings have included that high levels of self-efficacy and decreased tension and anxiety at 4 weeks after surgery are predictive of greater activity at 8 weeks.Women report greater disruption of ADLs at 1 than at 3 months, while disruption of their recreational activities is similar at both times. Need during home health visits include maximum assistance with meals and laundry but only partial assistance with washup and dressing. One rand omized controlled trial comparing usual care with supplemental hospital education and every week telephone follow-up to improve self-efficacy demonstrated that patients in the experimental group developed higher expectations for walking, lifting, uprise stairs, and working than did patients in the control group.(Whitman, 2004). Conclusion Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is on a regular basis performed in most major hospitals, reflecting the high prevalence of coronary artery disease in Hesperian countries. A number of studies have identified cohorts of patients undergoing CABG and other cardiac procedures who experience a higher than expected rate of mortality and morbidity. Increasing age, poor left ventricular function, urgent/emergency procedures, coordination compound operations and reoperation procedures have all been identified as risk factors resulting in prolonged hospital stays and increased morbidity.Subsequently, with current emphasis on both better clinic al management and more cost-efficient practice, it is becoming increasingly beneficial to identify low-risk patients who can be safely fast tracked to reduce postoperative management costs. The current, eclectic mix of topics studied reflects early resolution of specific issues. However, surgical procedures, recovery times, hospital length of stay, transitional care facility length of stay, use of home healthcare, and patient characteristics have changed dramatically during the last decade, suggesting that new functional outcome recovery trajectories evolved.These new patterns for functional recovery and interventions merit new inquiry and reporting. The nursing studies have been well designed and have allowed the investigators to move, in many categories, through logical iterations of discovery (this is, from exploratory and descriptive work to predictive and correlational work and, finally, into interventional work). Future work in all categories needs to focus on moving through these stages and enhancing the current directions being taken so that patients achieve positive, optimal outcomes.Such information can be used to plan the care of patients undergoing CABG, to prepare them for normal recovery, and to determine the need for symptom management by health care providers References Allen J. A. . (2000) Coronary risk factor modification in women after coronary artery bypass surgery. Nurs Res45260-265. Aris, A, et al.. arterial line filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass. daybook of Thoracic and cardiovascular operation1986 91526533. Artinian N. (1993) Spouses perception of readiness for discharge after cardiac surgery. Appl Nurs Res. 6(2)80-88 Barbarowicz P, Nelson M, DeBusk RF, Haskell WL.A comparison of in-hospital education approaches for coronary bypass patients. Heart Lung. 19809127-133. Barbut D. , Hinton R. B. , Szatrowski T. 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Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay

Achievement of presidencyal objective depends on make-up structure which is dynamic. Organization structure defines the flow of index and imprimatur ge ard toward a fussy course of moveion directed by com jells objective. For cheek structure to help to organization objective it is dependent on the employees. Employees operation are guided by the organization supervisory programs, whose their role is define in the organization structures. Supervisor operations are dependent of causation and authorization which help to view intimacys in an organization are done in the right way as well as achieving organization goals and objective.In organization management power and strength are very important as they help the organization to be fitting to direct organization employee toward organisational goals. Power and authority are dependent on the leadership model in an organization. Organizational managers are the leaders who employees report to because their performance is depe ndent on the leadership offered by the manager. Achievement of organizational goal shall only be possible if power and authority are employed effectively. authorisation and power helps the management to be competent to create a productive culture through social process to guide employees capacity towards attaining organization goals and objectives. Power and authority helps the leader to create, maintain and improve a culture so that people allow for achieve objective (purpose) and continue to do so over timeLeadership in an organizations is a more specific process of influence since it involves goal that have been specified and can be metrical or at least evaluated achieved only through employment of power and authority) (Macdonald, Burke & Stewart (2006) pp 80).To influence employees toward organization goal, management can employ three ways according to Macdonald, Burke & Stewart (2006). That is take out, manipulation and persuasion. Use of force by the management involves em ployment of force as well as real application of sensible force to compel employees to work. Concept of force requires power to as it call for imposing one psyche against other employees, often referred to as coercion. Manipulation takes form of social distortion which direct requires the subject to do as they are told without asking questions.Manipulation is different force in that there is no coercion and employees are convinced that they are doing the right thing. Persuasion in an organization attempt to influence the employee to act in a certain way geared towards achieving organizational objectives without force or manipulation. It is dependent on will of the employee and mutual trust. Employment of force manipulation in an organization is dependent on the power and authority bestowed to the conglomerate leader or supervisors in the organizational operations. In an organization, authority is provided for by the organizational structure.Organizational structure grants an out line formal distribution of authority in an organization. means in an organization is largely provided for by formalization meaning standardized as well as rule and regulations that set up employee operations. Formalization defines the discretion in which an employee can act in his/her duties. In an organization with high degrees of formalization, bloodline descriptions and policies provide clear direction. Where formalization is low, employees have a great deal of freedom in deciding how to conduct their work.In an organization different department exhibit different degree of formalization which may be base on the qualification of the employee to the organization affairs or rank of the employee. Authority is related to power in that it legitimizes supervisors to be able to direct and control subordinates to the intended course of action. Authority helps the supervisor to make decision geared towards organizational objective.Organization has three form of authority videlicet l ine authority, staff authority as well as team authority all distributed in the organizational structure. Line authority refers to straight supervisory form superior to subordinate organized such(prenominal) that it flows from top to the bottom of organization structure. Organization structure gives the chain of demand which is unbroken line of command defining the decision, making process within an organization. Chain of command defining the authority of different character in an organization helps employees to know who they are answerable to.This helps to avoid problem of duplication organization activities which comes collectable to more than one person assigning duties. Line of authority which is the basis of chain of command is tie in to line department which are directly connected to production and sales of the organizational products. Examples of line department are marketing and production responsible for performance of the employees and reward. Staff authority as compare d to line authority is more pegged to authority to advice base on the expertise and involves advising line managers.Employees help the line departments in approaching up with the advices to be used for decision making but they lack authority to make the extreme decision. Staff supervision through suggestions made by line department decides on what is to be carried in the line department, coordinate as well as provide technical assistance. team authority is penalize by work teams responsible for daily operations in an organization. It comprises of groups of operating employees responsible for coordination of the organization operations.Team based structure as define under team authority in an organization organizes discipline functions based on the overall organizational objectives. Authority is dependent to power such that for a supervisor to be able to get things done in harmony to the objectives of the organization power is required. Everyone has power in one form or another and it is by exercising this power that organization get thing accomplished. Supervisors who are capable of achieving their objective independently of others are said to possess strength.To be able to include people in the plan as well as organizational activities, supervisor requires power to get organizational things accomplished. Therefore, power is capability to apply influence in the organizational ahead of authority. This is gotten from the position as established by the organizational structure. In an organization a legitimate power bestowed to various leaders in an organization is established by individual position according to organizational hierarchy. separate forms of power include coercive power, reward power, expert power, referent power as well as information power.Supervisors power toward course of action depends on influence in the organization giving authority which may be centralized or decentralized. Centralization means the decision making power is grueling on top of the management while in decentralization form of decision making authority is in lower level of employees. Relation of authority and power is that authority is the legitimate power of a supervisor to be able to direct employee to a certain course of action in accordance to organization goals. In a nutshell authority is a form of power delegated from the organization main governing to subordinate.