Olympic Moments Abebe Bikila, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, and Ali vs. Foreman

Abebe Bikila ran the marathon barefoot in 1960. This event is considered as the â€Å"greatest symbol of the new, rejuvenated, post-Fascist country† (Martin â€Å"Abebe Bikila†).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Olympic Moments: Abebe Bikila, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, and Ali vs. Foreman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Starting the discussion from the very beginning, the following data should be considered. Abebe Bikila was a 28-year-old member of Emperor Haile Selassie’s bodyguard. He came to the Olympic Games in Rome with the pair of running shoes which were ruined one month before the games. The desire to participate in the marathon was that great that even the absence of the running shoes was not the reasons for refusing from the action. Abebe Bikila started his running with everyone and was the first to come to the final spot. When the result was announced and when everyone saw that the men was barefoot all were amazed. It is impossible to disagree with that opinion as a person run barefoot without considering the pave and other difficulties and barriers which were created on his way. Abebe Bikila is a person everyone should consider as a role model. Abebe Bikila had a great desire to complete his task, to do what he planned without looking at the difficulties. This is what people are to do. Abebe Bikila became the symbol of Rome and the Olympic Games of 1960. Many people might do the same in their dreams, however, they would never do it in reality, but Abebe Bikila dared and has done it. The significance of this act lies in many specific issues. First of all, Abebe Bikila showed the problems of the developing countries. The financial situation and the absence of the simplest things of the first need is the real problem of such poor countries as Ethiopia. Moreover, Abebe Bikila showed that everything is possible, one should just have a desire. It is essential t hat the result of Abebe Bikila was the best for him personally, moreover, it was the best internationally. However, this result was dismissed widely as everyone considered it as impossible. The next when Olympic Games took place he was taken ill with appendicitis and underwent surgery. Unfortunately, in 1968 Bikila appeared in a car accident and left confined to a wheelchair. However, even this fact did not preven this person from Olympic Games. He â€Å"he won gold in a 25km cross-country sledge competition in Norway in 1970† (Martin â€Å"Abebe Bikila†). The desire of this person to represent his country at the Olympic Games was not ruined. Remembering Abebe Bikila, the 2010 Rome marathon took place to honor the action of this great person. Looking at his desire to go in for sports, his strong will for victory, everyone should get something from this case.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Therefore, the Olympic Games have supported their status of an international championship where everyone may participate without strong requirement for their financial or social status. The action of Abebe Bikila has proven that the dream is closer than one think, it is just important to strive for it, train and try to do it more and more. There are not many people as Abebe Bikila. Most of us would stop on the way to our dream, however, this in not correct. We should remember that only we have the key to our success and lengthy training and strong will are the only essential conditions for gaining our goal. Tommie Smith and John Carlos were the gold and silver winners of the award for running 200m in 1968 in Mexico city during Olympic Games. Standing barefoot upon the victory platform, during the playing of the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner†, they each raised one hand, covered by a black glove, in a Black Power salute. This gesture was a desire to pay attention of the society to the conditions of black people in the United States. However, the organizers of the Olympic Games refused to understand it. Having stated that this act went against the ideals and norms of the Olympic Games, caused the two athletes to be expelled from the Games. Olympic Games were created to show that all people were equal and the decision of the domestic problems by means of this event was not correct. Generally speaking, the action made by Tommie Smith and John Carlos acted in accordance to their desire. They felt that no matter what they say they are not going to be heard in their country. The desire to act in the way they did was a guarantee to be heard. Trying to act in favor of â€Å"justice, dignity, equality and peace† (Martin â€Å"Tommie Smith and John Carlos†), Tommie Smith and John Carlos understood that heir action may be incorrectly understood. I believe that the desire to win was motivated by the desire to show the whole world that the USA is a country which has the discrimination problem and such international event is just the only way to say about it to the whole world. Not everyone would give a victory for the national problem, but Tommie Smith and John Carlos did. Expressing the pain of all African-Americans of the USA, these two persons sacrificed their fame in sports to the fame in social affairs. It is not easy to get gold and silver during the Olympic Games and Tommie Smith and John Carlos acted really bravely. These people deserve recognition and respect. From the first sight, their look does not seem deserving attention, however, this is not so.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Olympic Moments: Abebe Bikila, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, and Ali vs. Foreman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having raised hands in black gloves at the Olympic Games, they showed that even though the USA has many social problems, that black peop le are pressed and discriminated, they still have the power and if no one tries to stop this inequality in the USA black Americans are strong enough to do it. Tommie Smith and John Carlos wanted to show the American society first of all that having an opportunity to win the Olympic Games, they are ready to fight for their right not only at the sports arena. Therefore, the action of Tommie Smith and John Carlos may be considered from two angles. First of all, they violated the rules and the norms of the Olympic Games, however, this was the final stage of despair when being pressed fro years, black Americans began to express their dissatisfaction. This act was really important for the whole America society, for both black and white representatives. The black minority has shown that they are ready to fight. Moreover, this was not just the notification, it was the provocation. The final aim of this act was achieved and even though neither Tommie Smith nor John Carlos received their awar ds, they got much more from those Olympic Games. The boxing fight Ali vs. Foreman called ‘Rumble in the Jungle’ in 1974 is considered as the greatest fight in the history of boxing. The prehistory of this event is as follows, Muhammad Ali was a great boxer, however, being 32 he wanted to regain the world heavyweight title from George Foreman. George Foreman, in his turn, was unbeaten in 40 fights. Everyone waited for that match and at the same time each one was afraid of that match as no one knew who was going to be at the ring and what the outcome of the fight would be. T is possible to dwell upon the reasons of that match for hors. The desire of the greatest boxer of all times to show that he is the greatest and the desire of the winner to become the greatest one having beaten Muhammad Ali are just the prepositions. 35 years have passed, however, that fight is considered as the best one. 15 rounds passed. 15 strongest and the most tense rounds in the whole history of boxing were the most tense for both, the supporters of Ali and Foreman. Each round brought new feelings and excitement, each round brought new worrying and despair. However, each round also brought the hope for victory. It was impossible to remain careless while watching the boxing. The final round could be the last for one of them, when one of the fighters was almost blind and another one was really exhausted. The finish of the fight was a relief for all, the fighters and the audience. It is impossible to remember the same spectaculars fight as this one.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Muhammad Ali and George Foreman fought for the death not for the live having forgetting sometimes that they were just the competitors in sports. Aggression and cold calculation were the main supporters of the fight. Boxing is not just the fight of two people, it is the competition when two strong souls appear in one place and one of them should leave. Boxing is not the desire to beat the competitor, the philosophy of boxing is more complicated that one may think. Boxing is the desire to become the winner, however, this is more than just a fight. The strength of will and the desire to win should support each of the boxers. Muhammad Ali and George Foreman both showed great desire for victory. The rounds they fought were remembered and many generations ahead are going to view the fight to try to become as great as these boxers. In conclusion, this event has come in the history as one of the greatest boxing matches in the history of sports. Being called â€Å"rumble in the jungle† (â€Å"We’re still in awe of Muhammad Ali and George Foreman†) this fight supports the expression. This was like the rumble where two tigers of lions appeared in the fight trying to show who was the best. The fight declared that Muhammad Ali was the best, however, watching the fight more and more it becomes obvious that many moments may be discussed and the greatness of the match is declared as a result of the work of two boxers, therefore, the title is not important in the case. Once a documentary filmmaker Ken Burns said the following, â€Å"The future (of sports) lies behind us†. The first look at this phrase makes people disagree with it, however, a closer consideration of an issue change ones mind. As for me, I am sure that the future of the sports lies behind us as sports depends on the actions which have already been made. Different hockey and football leagues are based on the rules which have been implemented before. Various kinds of sports and the for mat according to which each of the games is going to be conducted have also been declared before. Therefore, the future of the sports is the issue which has been declared before. Even the actions people make right now will be the part when the future of the sports is going to be stated. Considering the future of sports as the contribution of the past, it is essential to consider such global events as Olympic Games. These games have been invented many centuries ago and nowadays the medals and awards received at this specific event still remain the most essential for many people. History remembers many periods of time, events, political regimes, etc.; however, Olympic Games remain as one of the most important events. Rules and format of this event has been developed for many centuries. Different countries became acquainted with the Olympic Games and nowadays this is an international event which takes place each four years and attracts more and more participants and spectaculars than e ver. Therefore, the Olympic Games event was promoted many centuries ago. And the statement about the behind lie of future is correct. Moreover, kind of sports has personal leagues and championships. Each of these championships has its history of creation. Some of these stories are simple, others are created for the memory or honor of someone. This is exactly the case when the future of sports is created in the past. Sports championships like human lives have history and this history is connected with people. These people worked hard for the benefit of different kinds of sports. Sportsmen, coaches, sponsors and other activists who took part in past sports championships contributed to the present sports and benefited to the future one. This is exactly the case. The whole human life is created out of the part. No future is possible without the past history. The sports is the sequence of events which have been invented in the paste, developed and changed during some period of time, was based on some particular plans and only the future generations are able to make those plans come true. I am sure that future of sports is impossible without its past destinations, however, the past would not also be that great if the future plans were not made. Therefore, the past and the future of sports are closely interconnected. Moreover, the future of the sports depends on its past and it cannot be refused. The considered cases of Abebe Bikila, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, and Ali vs. Foreman are not the only notable events in the history of sports, however, these events were essential to the history of their development. Each kind of sports has its own event which has made it essential for society as not just the healthy activity, but as the specific social event and this event has created the reputation of the event having made it popular and interesting for the future generations. Works Cited Martin, Simon. â€Å"50 stunning Olympic moments No24: Abebe Bikila runs barefoot into history.† The Guardian 25 April 2012. Web. Martin, Simon. â€Å"50 stunning Olympic moments No13: Tommie Smith and John Carlos salute.† The Guardian 25 April 2012. Web. â€Å"We’re still in awe of Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, 35 years on.† The Guardian 25 April 2012. Web. This essay on Olympic Moments: Abebe Bikila, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, and Ali vs. Foreman was written and submitted by user Nolan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Essays

Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Essays Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Paper Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Paper The methodological analysis I used for my undertaking was some old books and that analyse the three notation systems of Byzantine music. Through those books it was able for me to understand better how the two old notation systems worked and why the New Chrysantine method was the 1 that Christian church still uses. In order to happen the right books I visitedA theA ArchdioceseA ofA my countryA andA I found the right people who address whatA booksA areA suited forA my undertaking and besides if those resources are dependable. For my research I used besides questionnaires because they provide a convenient manner of garnering information from people who deals with Byzantine Music as instructors, Chanters, and pupils. I design a short and simple questionnaire so it holds the respondent s involvement. The end was to do the respondent want to finish the questionnaire. In my questionnaires I had some inquiries about the old Notation systems but besides the new system but besides I had inquiries about their sentiment about Byzantine music and why the Christian Orthodox church is still uses it. Questionnaires were a method that helped me a batch for conclude my consequences and results because the sentiments and besides the cognition of those people was really of import. Internet research was besides a method that I used. Internet, in our yearss is a topographic point that person can happen a broad scope of information. I used specific articles and web pages which I knew that are first of all dependable beginnings. For illustration I used web sites that I knew the certificates of the writer or websites that are merely for Educational proposes as www.grovemusic.com. In the cyberspace I besides found old undertakings from academic people and people who are experts in Byzantine music. Finally I used Byzantine tonss, tabular arraies, entering and Videos in order to understand how Byzantine notations systems plants, but besides to used them as illustrations in my undertaking. Introduction The Roman Empire was divided in Eastern and Western in the late of fifth Century. Byzantium was the capital metropolis of Easter Roman Empire since King Constantine rebuilds the Constantinople, in 330 A.D until 1453 when Ottomans Turks took the City from the Romans. The Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453 as the Grecian speaking-Byzantine Empire. Byzantine music, took its name from the modern bookmans depicting the Christian Orthodox church music of the Eastern countries of the Roman Empire and besides the tunes from verse forms in honor of the King. The height of Byzantine music starts from the early old ages of Christianity and includes chants and anthem which entreaty to God. Byzantine music plays a important function in Christian church and that is the ground that I want to analyze and compose about it. In my undertaking I am traveling to give a short description of Music and Christianity but besides a description about the first two notation systems of Byzantine music ; and how they work through the analysis of specific tonss. Besides through of tabular arraies I will explicate the tonic system of Byzantine music and the anthem, and chiefly I will concentrate on the new Byzantine notation system or else the Chrysanthosnotation system. I will besides advert the advantages and disadvantages of the three systems of the Byzantine music, and eventually I will compose some consequences and Outcomes through, my survey of Byzantine music. Chapter I BYZANTINE MUSIC AND CHRISTIANITY The metropolis of Byzantium is the country which is in the present called Constantinople. It was rebuilt by Constantine in 330 A.D and was made the capital metropolis of the Eastern Roman Empire. Christianity was besides accepted by the imperial household in the twelvemonth of 312 A.D. However this caused a major rake between the Orthodox people. During the twelvemonth of 395 A.D, they were divided into two imperiums, the Eastern and Western. Each imperium though maintained a different capital metropolis, the Eastern with the Byzantium and the Western with Rome. Consequently the Christian church so adapted features from the Greek speech production universe and other Greek communities which were around the Eastern Mediterranean. As I mentioned earlier, Byzantine music has to make with church music merely. In an cyberspace article for Byzantine music , the writer Dimitri Conomos references that Byzantine music is the medieval sacred chant of Christian Churches following the Orthodox rite. By stating Byzantine Music that includes the anthem, chants and all of their derived functions which have to make with Christianity and chiefly to God, the Son of God, the Virgin Mary and the Saints of Christian churches. Most hymns and psalms describe the life, miracles and the passions of Jesus Christ every bit good as the Saints . David J. Melling, in the internet article of Reading Psalmodia , references that: When Christianity was established as the official faith of the Roman Empire the Church acquired new and glorious edifices for worship. The rites and ceremonials of Imperial Christianity took on the sedateness and the magnificence of tribunal ritual. A rich traditions of hymnography developed, poets, composers and vocalists conveying their accomplishments to the service of the Church. During the first old ages of Christianity the church male parents did non accept the usage of musical instruments holding anything to make with the Church. As Constantinos G. Eliades references in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , they believed that the instrumental music was improper and inappropriate for the Orthodoxy. Even though music has the ability to do you experience rather strong feelings, it is felt even more in Christianity because it is the manner in which we can talk to God. However St. Ignatius wrote to the Church in Ephesus in order to do a alteration. His precise words are in an article in an internet web site: You must every adult male of you to fall in in a choir so that being harmonious and in Concord and taking the keynote of God in unison, you may sing with one voice through Jesus Christ to the Father, so the He may hear you and through your good workss recognize that you are parts of His Son . Grigorios Th. Stathis besides mentions in I- I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ® I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ® I?I„I · I »I ±I„I?I µI?I ± I?I ±I? I?I„I ·I? IIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I · , ( Byzantine music in faith and scientific discipline ) , that the usage of music in the church can assist in the approval of people s psyches and a vocal of the church can be associated with coming and praying. Church music is rather a important and serious affair with a true significance for the Christian population. In a Byzantine music cyberspace article, written by Mavraganis Diamantis, he mentions that Byzantine music is considered to be in a manner the continuity of the ancient Grecian music. He states that many characteristics which can be found in ancient Grecian music, such as the graduated tables, the sounds, and the systems are quite common with those found in Byzantine music. Furthermore in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , the writer, Constantinos G. Eliades, references that the ancient Grecian music every bit good as the antediluvian Grecian linguistic communication were the first which were used by the Orthodox Church. With the birth of Jesus Christ followed with the spread of Christianity, Greek music easy became known beyond the parturiency of the Grecian universe and moved to the Holy Places and countries of the Byzantine Empire. There, Grecian music was able to spread out, better, develop, since it was affected by different beginnings. Finally it turned into being a wholly s ecclesiastical type music which serves in a manner the spiritual Orthodox people. The grounds why the music of Christianity was Greek are many. Harmonizing to Constantinos G. Eliades, in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , some of these grounds are the undermentioned: to get down with all the music has characteristics which originated in Greece, for illustration the half steps every bit good as the systems which were found by Pythagoras the celebrated Grecian Mathematician. Another ground is that the music of the church was written based on the beat of the anthem which was the characteristic beat used in ancient Grecian music. The writer states that this happened because the instrumentalists were either Greeks or they had known ancient Grecian music really good. Chapter two The Byzantine anthem and the different sorts of them The anthem to God were considered to be the oldest musical act towards Him. The Eastern Churches easy developed assorted church acts names Holy Eucharists from topographic points such as Antioch, Alexandria, and Epheus. As Dimitri Comonos references in the cyberspace article for Byzantine music , these topographic points used the single-channel vocal music at the clip. It is besides rather important to advert that Byzantine music had a immense consequence on the Western chant. Byzantine music was the predominate music for a really long clip which besides lasted for more than 13 centuries. Byzantine hymnography was so split into two periods which gave a new rhythmical form to hymnography. During the first period, dated from the fifth century, the kontakion was developed. In the 2nd period, dated from the terminal of the seventh century the chief anthem developed during the period was the kanon . Egon Wellesz, in his book A history of Byzantine Music and hymnography , references that: Byzantine hymnography is the poetical look of Orthodox divinity, translated, through music, to the domain of spiritual emotion. It mirrors the development of the dogmatic thoughts and philosophies of the Orthodox Church from the early yearss of the Eastern Empire to the full luster of the service at the tallness of its development. The anthem is one of the most of import genres which was developed in Byzantine music. There are assorted sorts of anthems such as the troparia , kontakia and kanones . In an inernet article of Byzantine music Dimitri E. Conomos references that: During the first nine centuries of Christianity, the Byzantine musical tradition of plainsong managed to maintain alive a certain improvisatory excitement that was besides manifest in the spontaneousness of supplications and rites in the early Christian Holy Eucharist. Now, with some shots of a 9th-century pen, the plainchant tunes were caught in a stiff stylization. They became as if embalmed and their stylistic profiles conformed to 9th-century and finally, subsequently, gustatory sensations. The old chants that originated as sung supplications were henceforth crystallised art-objects. Troparia are short responses between the Psalms. The first troparia were written in the fourth century. The tune type of troparia bit by bit became quite important and easy some of troparia developed into more independent anthem. Harmonizing to the cyberspace article, Orama World there is a possibility, that the earliest sets of troparia were those of the known writing of monastic Auxentios which dated from the 5th century. Two of the most of import illustrations of troparia are the Phos Hilarion , which means Gladsome Light , and is dated from the fourth century and O Monogenis Yios , which means the merely Begotten Son . These two illustrations can be found in the introductory portion of the Thia Litourgia which is the Divine Liturgy . The Troparia terminal with two words mentioning to God and are repeated many clip. The features of these anthems are the stichera and the kanones. The stichera are sung in between the poetries of the Psalms. Sticheron is one of the most important parts of Byzantine anthem and the complete music of the stichera is the Sticherarion. The development of the kontakion began during the fifth century A.D. It is a long and complicated metrical discourse. Kontakia evolved from 13 into 18, and in some instances into more than that, with stanzas which are all structurally similar. Accoridng to an cyberspace article in the Britannica Online Encyclopedia, kontakion was introduced into the Byzantine spiritual pattern by St. Romanos Melodos during the first half of the sixth century. St. Romanos became one of the greatest early Christian poets. Harmonizing to the writer of an article in the Goarch it is stated that the first notated versions of kontakia were melismatic which means that there were many notes per syllable and they appeared during the ninth century. Kanones, and their tunes contain texts which were hodgepodges of stereotypic phrases. The tunes were developed harmonizing to the rule of centonization which was qiote common in Eastern music at the clip. Alexander Lingas in his article Hesychasm and Psalmody which is found in the book Mount Athos and Byzantine Monasticism , references that the Sticherarion, which is a book incorporating theoretical account tunes for canons and stichera, contains some syllabic tunes which are easy and each 1 has a alone melodious expression. Sticheron is a type of anthem which is used in the Divine Liturgy. In an article which is found in Grove Music Online , Kenneth Levy and Christian Troelsgard reference that kanones are hymnodic composites which are comprised of nine odes. Each ode includes the heirmos which is followed by troparia with the same music and metrical reproductions as the heirmos. The nine odes are normally independent. A kanon consists of nine different and independent tunes. As Grigorios Stathis references in I- I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ® I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ® I?I„I · I »I ±I„I?I µI?I ± I?I ±I? I?I„I ·I? IIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I · , ( Byzantine music in faith and scientific discipline ) , psalmodia is another basic feature of the Christian Orthodox people. The Byzantine music is music which is wholly written for the church and it is used in the Christian Orthodox Churches in to pray to God, the Son and the Virgin Mary. Alexander Lingas in Hesycasm and Psalmody , says that during the 14th century the hymnody used in the Byzantium had a scope of signifiers and was thought to be a really important cloistered plus which held the chance of being infused with the idea and this shows that the hymnody was accomplished with the head and bosom on God. Psalmodia is sung by the psaltes who are trained in order to sing church music. Psalmodia is the lone chant of the Greek Orthodox Church. Christians who were Grecian speech production used the term psalmodia in order to picture the signifiers of the liturgical vocalizing. Psalmodia which was used in Constantinople had a important map in the agreement of the different Rite of the Church of Hagia Sofia. Alexander Lingas in Music and Liturgy of the Orthodox Traditions references that: All public services of the Byzantine rite are sung, there being no equivalent in the churches of the Orthodox East to the Low Mass of the Latin West. While the proper ecclesiastical term for liturgical vocalizing remains psalmodia, the repertories of plainsong that developed in tandem with the services of the Byzantine rite are today frequently referred to as Byzantine chant or Byzantine music . Chapter four The New Method or Chrysanthine Method Chrysanthos had a good instruction, really good cognition of Latin and Gallic and every bit good as European and Arabic music. He started off as a monastic and so became a hierarch. Peter Byzantios so taught Chrysanthos to intone until Chrysanthos could be considered as a great instrumentalist and composer. Harmonizing to Dimitri E. Comonos article, he mentions that before the foundation of the School, Chrysanthos had used traditional methods of learning which caused his expatriate from the Constantinopolitan Patriarchal to Madytos. However, Chrysanthos did non halt learning the ecclesiastical music because his system for learning was really effectual due to his pupils being able to larn the music notation system of Byzantine music merely in 10 months and non 10 old ages. Subsequently on Holy Synod decides to accept his learning methods and in 1815 he stated learning at the 3rd Patriarchal School along with Protopsaltis Grigorios and the archivist Chourmouzios. In the prologue of I?I µI†°I?I ·I„I?I?I?I? I?I ­I?I ± I„I ·I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®s I §I?I†¦I?I ¬I?I?I?I†¦ I„I?I†¦ I µI? I?I ±I?I?I„I†°I? ( Theoritikon Mega Ti MI?usikis Chrysanthou tou ek Maditon ) , Georgios N. Constantinou quotes the words of Dionysius Vatopedinos which were said during the Holy Eucharist in the Patriarchical Music School: IsI ±I„I ±I†¦I„I ¬I‚ [ I„I ±I‚ I ·I?I ­I?I ±I‚ ] I ·I?I?I?I†¡I?I · I µI? I?I?I?I?I?I? I?I†¡I?I »I µI?I?I? I µI?I‚ I„I? I?I?I?I ±ISI„I?I?I?I? I?I µI„I?I†¡I?I?I? I?I ±I? IˆI ±I?I ±I?I?I?I µI? I?I ­I ±I? I?I ­I?I?I?I?I? I µIˆI?I?I„I ·I?I?I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I µ I?I ±I?I?I?I µI‚ I?I ±I? I?I?I ±I?I?I ±I„I?I?I ®I? . I?I†¡I?I »I ±I?I†¡I?I?I?I„I µI‚ I µI?I‚ I ±I†¦I„I ®I? I µI?I?I ±I? I ­I?I ±I‚ I?I ±I »I?I?I ·I?I?I‚ I §I?I?I?I ±I?I?I?I‚ I?I ±I? I? I†ºI ±I?IˆI ±I?I ¬I?I?I?I‚ I„I ·I‚ I?I µI?I ¬I »I ·I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I‚ , I?I ±I? I?I†¦I?I„I?I ­I†¡I?I†¦I?I?I? I µI?I‚ I ±I†¦I„I ®I? I?I ±I?I µI?Ià ‚ ¬I?I„I ·I? I†¦IˆI ­I? I„I?I†¦I‚ I?I?I ±I?I?I?I?I?I†¦I‚ I?I ±I?I ·I„I ¬I‚ , I µI? I ±I†¦I„IZI? I µI?I?I ±I? I?I ±I? I ±I?I†¡I?I µI?I µI?I‚ I?I ±I? IˆI?I†°I„I?I?I?I?I?I µI »I?I? ( ) , ( 1815 ) . The account of Dionysius Vatopedinos s missive is the followers: In those yearss a new school opened and teaches a new scientific method of music with regulations and grammar. Teachers are the monastic Chrysanthos and the torchbearer of the Great Church, and more than two 100 pupils are go toing it. Among them are priest and bishops ( aˆÂ ¦ ) , ( 1815 ) . Dionysius Vatopedinos fundamentally states that a school was opened in order to learn the new method of Byzantine music notation which included grammar and regulations of music. The chief instructors were Chrysanthos, a monastic, and the torchbearer of the Great Church. Many pupils including monastics, priests and society people had visited the school in order to larn the New Method of Byzantine music notation. David J. Melling references in an article that: Confronting the complex and hard notation they inherited from their mediaeval predecessors, and an emerging spread between the musical texts used by adept psaltai and the traditional liturgical tunes handed down by ear, several instrumentalists attempted to reform the notation to bring forth something simpler and more intuitive. Indeed, there is grounds that there had already emerged ways of composing a rapid short-hand version of the marks which could even be used to observe down a tune as it was being Sung. A peculiarly successful simplification was designed by Peter Lampadarios [ +1777 ] , but this was eclipsed by the great Reform of the Three Teachers, Houmouzios, Grigorios and Chrysanthos, who designed a new, more analytic notation and transcribed into it a prodigious figure of texts from the psaltic repertory. The New Method of Byzantine Music notation was created during the eighteenth century and began to be taught in the nineteenth century. This included rather simple marks against the two old methods of Byzantine music notation. The New Method is besides called the Chrysanthine Method which took its name from the monastic Chrysanthos who subsequently moved on to became one of the reformists of the church s music notation in 1815. The other reformists of the Byzantine New notation system were Chourmouzios the archivist and Gregorios the Protopsaltis, who was lampadarios ( torchbearer ) . The New Method is still used even today. In The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant Frank Harry Desby references that: Before the New system, ten old ages were required to larn music. The new method made it possible to larn in 10 months. Kate Romanou besides mentions in her article A New Approach to the work of Chrysanthos of Madytos that: The New Method preserved the earlier differentiation between the quantitative and the qualitative neumes. The former indicated the existent notes, while the latter, the rhythmic and expressive niceties or decorations which applied to the notes. Apart from the old marks The New Method, includes new marks of which some were phrasing marks, marks for chromatic intervals, remainders and continuance marks. Chrysanthos besides abrogated a few of the old marks and established new ways of notating. Furthermore in an article Dimitri E. Conomos references that: Chrysanthos besides introduced new procedures of transition and chromatic change and abolished some of the notational symbols. As a consequence of these attempts, a big repertory of psalmody was made available to melody pipes who were ignorant of the melodic and dynamic content of the old marks. With those alterations the choirmasters had the chance to sing a batch of anthem which were hard to make with the old notation systems. In an cyberspace article found in The music portal , the author references that there are three basic tones which are used in order to tune the sound. These tones, which are characteristic of the New Method, are the meizon ( major ) , elasson ( minor ) and the elachistos ( minimun ) . It is besides mentioned that each tone is made up from two tetra chords and one major tone. Byzantine music can acknowledge the octave but the sounds are based in tetra chords and pentachords which are groups of four and five notes consequently. Byzantine Psalmodia uses assorted manners and the choirmaster must cognize all the types every bit good as the features of the manners, in order to understand and be able to intone the music. In another cyberspace article found in The music portal , it is stated that this system is made up of eight manners or echoi ( sounds ) which are split into in the chief four sounds and the five manners. Each reverberation ( sound ) has a different intervals every bit good as gradual development. Morover, Chrysanthos besides structured the eight manners into three different types which are the diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic. These types are besides called three Genera. The diatonic genera, is split into three basic types: the meizon ( major ) , elasson ( minor ) and elaxistos ( lower limit ) . The octave of dad, vou, tabun, di, ke, zw, Ni is divided into 72 stairss or tones. The major tone had 12 grades, which means one tone or measure. The minor tone had 10 grades which means one measure and the minimal tone had 8 grades which means half measure. The diatonic graduated table has besides been a ground of an statement which took topographic point between Chourmouzios and Chrysanthos. Harmonizing to an article written by Ioannis Plemenos, Chrysantho s sentiment was that the diatonic scale consist of major and minor tones, one by one, which began with a minimal tone and hence the diatonic graduated table consisted of 64 units. However the the right graduated table for Chrysanthos had to dwell of 68 units. Therefore, Chourmouzios suggest a new version which could finish the graduated table of Chrysanthos and which consisted of 69 units. Finally, Chrysanthos borrowed the 72 unit division from Aristoxenos, who was a good know mathematician and great music theoretician at the clip. Antioxenos had expressed his ain sentiment in concern to the music intervals of the diatonic graduated table which was the 1 that had the highest proportion. In the image below we can see the diatonic graduated table, as they are in the internet article of David J. Melling: F G A Bb C D E F | 12 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Vu Ga The diatonic graduated table is divided in three different types which are the diapason, troxos and triphonia. Diapason is non tranferable and Troxos can besides be called as tetraphonia. In The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant Frank Harry Desby states that: The tetachords are all disjunct. In triphonia the tetra chords are conjuct. The diapason assortment was normally found on kanona or pandoura. Pandoura is a twine instrument which includes three brace of strings. In an article found on the Remoundos web page, the writer references that During the Byzantine period, it [ the pandoura ] is appeared to derive some credence among the civilized persons, since the Archbishop Chrysanthos considered that it was necessary for learning Byzantine music. On pandoura there are some rings which are used in order to slpit the musical instrument into assorted parts where the notes are fixed. Harmonizing to Frank Harry Desby in The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant , he states that the tuning of pandoura has intervals for illustration, perfect fourths and fifths, which are ordinary intervals. However it besides includes some assorted sound effects, for illustration the diapason system is the one which is used in most instances. By stating troxos we mean tetraphonia or a rhythm of five notes. The octave between troxos and diapason is rather similar. Finally, the triphonia or tetrachordon as the tetra chords are joint. In his book, The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant , Frank Harry Desby states that it consists of four confused tetrachords or joint fifths. In this graduated table nevertheless there is no meizon ( major ) tone. In another article, David J. Melling besides mentions that: Here we have big tones of 12 steplets, indistinguishable in size with the Enharmonic tones, but accompanied by lesser tones of 10 steplets and big half steps of 8 steplets. The chromatic graduated table is divided in two types. These are the difficult chromatic graduated table and the soft chromatic graduated table. Below we can see the two types of chromatic graduated tables: Hard chromatic graduated table: D Eb F # G A Bb C # D | 6 | 20 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 20 | 4 | Pa Vu Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Soft chromatic graduated table: C Db E F G Ab B C | 8 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 8 | Ni Pa Vu Ga Di Ke Zo Ni The enharmonic graduated table consists merely of 12 and 6 grades: F G A Bb C D E F | 12 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 6 | Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Vu Ga Pa Calciferol Rhenium Vou Tocopherol Myocardial infarction Tabun F Fa Di Gram Sol Ke A La Zo Bacillus Silicon Nickel C Nto Chrysanthos made usage of the first seven letters derived from the Greek alphabet which is based on the European system. The graduated table includes the undermentioned syllables: dad, vou, tabun, di, ke, zo, ni. The notes of these syllables are shown in the tabular array below. The chief marks of the Chrysanthine method are ten and their names are: ison, oligon, petasti, kentimata, kentima, hypsele, apostrophos, hyporroi, elafron and chamele. These marks show whether the voice goes down or up or remain the same. These marks are the intermission marks and are besides called neumes. Below the marks and their accounts can be seen, as taken from an on article of St. Anthony s Monastery written by monk Ephraim: ison Chapter V Advantages and disadvantages, of the new method. The Byzantine music first notation was non really good structured, as there were adequate jobs. The most of the anthem were hard to intone from the choirmasters, as they could non transcribed them. The Paleo-Byzantine Music was excessively complicated, but besides non effectual, as a consequence to be difficult for people to understand it and intone the anthem. Kate Romanou, in A New Approach to the work of Chrysanthos of Madytos references that: If, in malice of the great demand of a simpler musical system, all old efforts to accomplish a reform had failed, it was because they adhered to one of two extremely contradictory attacks: the first which wholly broke with tradition, and the 2nd which displayed the familiar complexness and deficiency of lucidity. The 600 old ages of Middle-Byzantine Music notation usage, show that this notation was better than the first 1. Middle-Byzantine notation system was a complete system but included excessively many complex marks. As I mentioned earlier the New Method of the Byzantine Music notation or else the Chrysanthine notation was and still is the simplest notation system for the Byzantine music. Against the Paleo-Byzantine music notation system, the new system and its marks helped the melody pipes to understand the manner that the anthem must be chanted. Despite the jobs that the Middle Byzantine Music notation faced, it existed for many centuries. The Chrysanthine method was that one which exists since the decennary of 1800 until presents. The marks that Chrysanthos adds to his method describe really clearly how the notes and by and large the tune must be chant. In an cyberspace article, the writer references that: Byzantine notation can be used as a rapid stenographic transcriptional method to compose down a tune faster than one could make so utilizing Western notation. This is peculiarly helpful when seeking to enter unrecorded music on paper. Although there are at least a 100 marks in the Byzantine notation, it is preferred for most of the people. It is non difficult for people to larn the Byzantine music notation, it takes merely a small clip. The marks that Chrysanthos added to the new notation system were really helpful. Traveling to the dissadvantages of the New method of Byzantine music notation, I would wish to advert that despite the disagvantages, no 1 believed that the new method should be changed for a new one. Of class there were some suggestions for altering the system but they declined. The first trouble to the Byzantine notation of Chrysanthos was that the Byzantine music of Constantinople did non accept the tetrafonia. During 1878, as I found in an cyberspace article, some people tried to convert the Grecian society of Constantinople to compose the Byzantine anthem utilizing the European system notation. Finally, this was neer happened. During the clip that Chrysanthos introduced the New Method, there were some reactions against the new system. In an cyberspace article and harmonizing to proffesor Ioannis Plemenos, there were many expostulations from the people and espacially for Vasileios Stephanides, a musician and physician during 1819. Vasileios Stephanides believed that Chrysanthos s determination non to utilize some of the marks of the old notation systmes was incorrect. In 1820, as Ioannis Plemenos references in his article, Apostolos Konsta was besides did non accept the New Method of Chrysanthos. Ioannis Plemenos places the words of Apostolos Konsta, which are the undermentioned: ( ) I ­I?I ±I?I µ I?I ±I? I ±I†¦I„I? I?I†¡I?I »I µI?I?I? I?I?I?I?I? I„I†°I? I† I?I?I?I?I†°I? , I?I„I ¬I?I µI†°I? I?I ±I? I†¡I µI?I?I?I?I?I?I?I ±I‚ I?I?I ± I?I ­I?I?I†¦ I„I ·I‚ I?I†¦I?I?I ·I„I?I?I ®I‚ , I ­I†¡I ±I?I µ I?I?I†°I‚ , I ±I »I »I?I?I?I?I?I?I? , I„I ·I? I ±I?I?I µI »I?I?I ®I? I?I µI »I†°I?I?I ±I? , I„I ± I?I?I„IZ I?I ­I?I · I„I ·I‚ I?I »I†¦I?I†¦I„I ¬I„I ·I‚ I µIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I ·I‚ . This means: The three instructors opened a school, merely for notes, remainders and Heironomia, but they lost the b eatific tune and the eight parts of the sweet scientific discipline . Apostolos Konsta means that the new school which opened to learn the New Method of Chrysanthos, was learning merely some notes and marks and lost the chief topic which was the beautiful tune. Another job as Ioannis Plemenos references in his article, it was that Georgios the Lesbios, believed that the New system was non good structured because the three instructors did non seek to happen new marks to increase the notes in a specific pitch. Those who were supported the old notation systems did non desire Chrysanthos to learn the New Method, but eventually allow him to learn, although they were opposite. Chrysanthos was learning in the Third Patriarchical Music School. Consequences and results The Greeks owe the musical notation used today in their churches to Chrysanthos of Madytos, Gregory the Protopsaltes and Chourmouzios the Chartophylax. This notational system, known today as the New Method. With the scrutiny of the old notations we conclude that the extant information about the development of Byzantine notation from the autumn of Constantinople to the 19thA century vividly illustrates the fact that Grecian church instrumentalists had become progressively more baffled and puzzled by the old system. At the same clip Byzantine anthem were being sung more and more from unwritten tradition despite the fact that a series of efforts had been made to simplify the bing notation. Byzantine music is the most of import facet of the Orthodox Christian Church. In our yearss the Orthodox Christian Church is still utilizing the New notation system for their chants and anthem. What is the ground of making that? The ground is that Byzantine notation system is the lone manner to notate the anthem and chants, as the melodious lines includes tonss of melismas but besides hard and unusual types of harmoniousness. Another ground is that, Church wants to forestall its tradition and a manner of making that is maintain that notation system. With analyzing the Byzantine music we can see that Christians use the voice entirely in executing of anthem, intoning as did our Godhead Himself and His adherents. St. John Chrysostom says: Our Savior chanted anthem merely as we do. The Apostolic Constitutions forbid the usage of musical instruments in the church. From the clip of the Apostles, hymnody was single-channel, or homophonic, as it is to this twenty-four hours in our churches [ in Greece ] . The Western Church, in order to satisfy people and blandish their gustatory sensations, put instruments inside the churches, disobeying what was ordained by the Fathers. They did this because they had no thought what liturgical music was and what secular music was, merely as they did non cognize the difference between liturgical picture and secular picture. But the Byzantines distinguished the one from the other, and this shows how much more religious they were in comparing with the Westerners and how much more genuinely they experienced the spirit of Christianity. Byzantine music is, in comparing with the music of the West, precisely as Orthodox iconography is in comparing with the spiritual picture of the West.

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology Essay

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology - Essay Example The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978) Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime. Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book 'Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was 'disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur. Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social 'organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minima l cases of immigrant arrival or population changes. The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the

Samsung Final Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Samsung Final Report - Coursework Example In today’s global electronic market, Samsung is widely recognised for its innovations and also for the quality of the products and services that it offers to its global customers (Samsung, 2012). During the recent decade Samsung has developed its vision as â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future.† This vision of the company apparently reflects its commitment towards inspiring the communities within which it has been operating and also wishes to operate in future. The company, in order to follow its vision, has identified three significant strengths, i.e. â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products† and â€Å"Creative Solutions† (Samsung, 2012). 1.2 Sustainable Innovation of Samsung Samsung has identified it as a responsibility to carry out the business operations in a way that would facilitate in conserving the natural environment. In relation with this, the company has been noticed to carry out a wide array of activities all around the glob e. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that Samsung is often categorised to be among the leaders in offering eco-friendly goods to the consumers worldwide. With this concern, the company has introduced a monitoring system known as the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) management system to enhance the level of safety at the work place. This system also assists in minimising the industrial wastes which are hazardous to the environment as it acts significantly for the company in terms of pollution management (Samsung, 2012). In response to the growing interest of sustainable development in the business environment, Samsung has been recuperating the methods of collecting information from the stakeholders about their perspectives and ideas concerning sustainable development in the long-run. This aided the company to develop policies and strategies related to sustainable development by taking into account the modern managerial perspective (Samsung, 2012). 1.3 Objective of the Paper The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the innovation management of Samsung by utilising the Sustainable Innovative Results (SIR). The SIRs selected in this paper are the solar netbooks and transparent LCD panels introduced by Samsung. The SIRs are evaluated by considering the following points into consideration: determined objectives, needs, resources engaged, influencing factors, success, challenges, leadership and long-term consequences. 2.0 Critical Evaluation: SIR Approaches of Samsung SIRs are quite important for the organizations to develop and also to sustain in the long run. Being sustainable, in the corporate culture, essentially means to satisfy the present without causing much threat to the future. This meaning of sustainability can be directly linked with the innovative results of Samsung’s SIRs as both the products perform effectively in meeting the present needs without causing many hazards to the future. Moreover, SIRs serve the stakeholders concer n to a considerable extent which is an important pre-requisite for the companies to sustain in the long-run. Furthermore, sustainable innovations determine the responsibility of the organizations towards the environment as well as the society. This acts significantly for the company to become widely accepted by the people increasing its brand value.

Act Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Act Utilitarianism Essay The theory of Utilitarianism was first developed by Jeremy Bentham who was a philosopher of the 18th century. Bentham developed this theory to create a modern and rational approach to morality which would suit the changing society. Bentham’s theory Act Utilitarianism has many strengths and weaknesses. A Strength is that this theory is considers the consequences and happiness which an action has created. This is because Act Utilitarianism is a teleological theory where actions are based on results. For example if I splash cold water at someone to wake up for school this is a good action as it has good consequences because the person I splashed water on can go on to school and gain knowledge and this I will also create happiness. Another strength would be that this theory is always seeking the â€Å"Greatest Good for the Greatest Number†. For example if I was going to bomb the world with a bomb I planted in a secret location and the only way to get the information was to torture me. An Act Utilitarian would say that I should be tortured so that I could give the information on where the bomb was and this that would create the greatest good for the greatest number. There are also many problems with Bentham’s theory as it allows cruel or sadistic pleasure as long as it out ways the pain. For example if ten sadists torture one child pleasure out ways the child’s pain making the action right in an Act Utilitarian eyes. Also if someone intentions are good but the consequence of their action is bad an Act Utilitarian would say this wrong even thought the intention was good. For example if I help an old man across the street and then he assassinates someone my action which was good becomes bad because of the consequence. Another weakness is that there is always a minority which will not benefit from an action and this could cause a great amount of pain for that minority and the pain of this minority could out way the pleasure of the majority but it is too hard and long to use the hedonic calculus in some situations. For example say there was a man called john normal calm guy then one day he finds out his daughter was raped by a man called max. Then john goes out and kills max. This situation would be too hard for the hedonic calculus to calculate as both men families felt pain and both men felt pleasure. Overall I believe that the weaknesses out way the strengths of Act Utilitarianism as there are many situations that it would not be able to give an answer. Even thought Act Utilitarianism considers the consequences there are just too many weaknesses crushing this point. For example the hedonic calculus will take too long to find out whether an action is right or wrong in many scenarios. Ayyub.

Religion, Slavery, and Democracy in Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Religion, Slavery, and Democracy in Huckleberry Finn This essay will analyze the themes of religion, slavery, and democracy in the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. By exploring these themes that lie behind the book’s veneer, we can understand Twain’s objective for writing this book. Religion is sarcastically reflected in Huckleberry Finn by Twain’s sense of storyline and the way his characters talk. A predominant theme, and probably one of Twain's favorites, is the mockery of religion. Twain tended to attack organized religion at every opportunity and the sarcastic character of Huck Finn is perfectly situated to allow him to do so. The attack on religion can already be seen in the first chapter, when Huck indicates that hell sounds like a lot more fun than heaven. This will continue throughout the novel, with one prominent scene occurring when the "King" convinces a religious community to give him money so he can "convert" his pirate friends. Twain’s skeptical take on religion can be elicited because superstition is a theme that both Huck and Jim bring up several times. Although both of these characters tend to be quite rational, they quickly become irrational when anything remotely superstitious happens to them. The role of superstition in this book is two-fold: First, it shows that Huck and Jim are child-like in spite of their otherwise extremely mature characters. Second, it serves to foreshadow the plot at several key junctions. For example, spilling salt leads to Pa returning for Huck, and later Jim gets bitten by a rattlesnake after Huck touches a snakeskin with his hands. Another theme that is dealt with in this book is slavery. In fact, slavery is one of the main topics that has been frequently debated in regards to Huckleberry Finn since it was first published. Twain himself was vehemently anti-slavery and Huckleberry Finn can in many ways be seen as an allegory for why slavery is wrong. Twain uses Jim, a slave who is one of the main characters, as a way of showing the human side of a slave. Everything about Jim is presented through emotions: Jim runs away because Miss Watson was going to sell him South and separate him from his family; Jim is trying to become free so he can buy his family's freedom; and Jim takes care of Huck and protects him on their journey downriver in a very materialistic manner.

Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay

As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell & Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell & Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.