‘Mirror’ & double-layered poem Essay Example for Free

Mirror double-layered poem EssayMirror is a double-layered poem The reflect, personified and equipped with senses, sees and depicts its world in the most honest terms whence we see our own world from the mirrors perspectivehow raw and tormenting it is. Why the author chooses to personify a mirror as the poems narrator is firstly because it is an object most closely associated with a woman who seeks to see what she really is (11). When she is green, the mirror cheerfully reflects and praises her youthful beauty, letting her contemplate on her own appearance. When she is old, it cruelly reminds her of sentences meddling in her fading beauty and how life has passed and left her behind. Secondly, the mirror reflects the world just as it isit cannot populate to usand faithfully shows us all signs of aging, sorrow, pain and sickness that appear in our face. The theme of the poem is the effects of time reflected in the mirror, how it has drowned a spring chicken girl and makes a woman become an old woman. Adverbs depicting the motion of time are employed throughout the poem most of the time (6), so long (7), over and over (9), Now (10), Each morning (16), day after day (18).The irony is deliberated in the difference between the mirrors reflection and cognition of changes in the outside world. The woman who looks at the mirror is sad because her beauty and youthfulness are fading while her divide and agitation are considered rewards by the mirror. In the first stanza, the mirror simply tries to define its existence and introduce the reader to its world using its own talking to register. In the opening line, the mirror describes its appearance and unique quality, I am silver and exact. I have no preconception. (1).The word swallow demonstrates Plaths sensitivities and drollery in her personification and imagery everything is instantly reflected inside the mirror as if the mirror has devoured them. Next, mirror immediately explains its non-discriminatory be haviours as being truthful rather than cruel. In the last four lines of stanza 1, the mirror honestly describes its bounded world. Ironically, even though the mirror reflects everything truthfully and exactly with no preconceptions or prejudice, it seems to live in self-created illusions, that the glacial wall is a part of my heart.Line 8 hands the mirror with human characteristics, not the eye of a little god, four-cornered as it describes itself. Nevertheless, its world evermore collides with the world outside itour world it flickers. //Faces and darkness separate us over and over. In the first stanza, the use of caesura in most of the sentences interrupts the flow of the poem scarce gives the mirror its own tone emphatic and meditative. The enjambment between line 2 and 3 as well as between line 7 and 8 allow the mirror to reflect on itself naturally and coherently.In stanza 2, the mirror ironically creates another illusion, Now I am a lake (10), which is in contrast with it s claim to be only truthful. It proudly demonstrates its usefulness in helping a woman to see what she really is. The images of the candles and moon (12) may symbolize fragility, inconstancy and instability which contrast with how faithfully it serves the woman (13). The connection between the mirror and the woman strengthens by day it is important to her and she brightens its existence. Nevertheless, its unintended severity is shown in its being only truthful (4).The simile like a terrible fish is consistent with the mirrors illusion that it is a lake provided it shows Plaths grotesque and tormenting view of agingas a destructive and dehumanizing process. The poem is structured as narrative prose poetry, with the use of caesura to create an emphatic tone, to present the mirror as a misunderstood, proud and honest object. The mirror exactly and dutifully reflects what appears before it and considers the changes shown in it others doing and completely out of its power she drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman//Rises toward her day after day (17-18).

Impacting factors on human social service Essay Example for Free

Impacting movers on human social service EssaySocio ethnical factors are norms, values, beliefs, material and non material objects that are passed on from one generation to other in any given society .Socio cultural factors are crucial in any developmental aspect of a biotic community.(Noyo Ndangwe p230) There is containable interest in analyzing these factors that are impacting on human social service delivery and these are economic, religion, political and socio-cultural factors which are of special signification because of their tendency to shape the context or foundation for the operation of any other set of factors that operate upon human social service delivery. In this regard, we result try to look at one factor, that is, Socio cultural factor how it is impacting on human social service delivery. First and foremost would like to define the pick out concepts this assignment. 1. Socio means interaction.2. Culture means the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behav iour of a particular nation or people.3. Factors mean something that contributes to or has an influence on the outcome of something.4 Impacting means to be possessed of an immediate and strong effect on something or somebody.5 genial Service These are welfare programs aimed at enriching human carriage 6 Delivery means taking something to somebody.The first to way to discuss this will be to try to analyse how socio-cultural factors allude the slaying of Primary wellness make do. There is now a large body of literature on the social and cultural determinants of wellness which refer to both the specific features and pathways by which societal conditions affect health. The WHO has, for example, identified a number of socio cultural factors and conditions.The list of factors includes (i) cultural beliefs and taboos, (ii) gender inequality, and (iii) the urban uncouth divide. The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differ mingled with societies and thus far within sub -cultures within the same society. Thus the factors in a developed society will tend to differ from those that are operative in a backward, underdeveloped society.Factors such as urban-rural migration, unemployment, education, gender inequality, lack of money, transportation, distance to health facility, cultural inhibition, fear of going alone to health facilities, inability to found informed choices and the need to obtain permission from some authority figure such as the husband in the case of some married women have been cited (Social Determinants of Health Nigerian Perspective 2005). Social cultural taboos and social meanings attached to certain complaints and their causes are other socio cultural factors that are impacting on service delivery. cultural beliefs and taboosCultural beliefs and taboos impact upon the performance of the Primary Health billing in several ways. First, they shape forms of behaviour that lead to certain health outcomes. As an example, consider belie fs about fertility and family planning. People living in rural areas tend to want to have more(prenominal) children and not to want to use the more ripe methods of family control (PHC, WHO 2004).This has implication for population growth, the incidence of child and maternal mortality and the number in the population seeking access to health tutelage. As another example, we can also consider the case of beliefs about HIV/AIDS. Quoting a UNESCO Report, Kickbusch et al (20024-5) have observed that in some parts of Africa, people deliberate that clean and well-dressed individuals cannot become infected or that having sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS. Ladipo et al (2003) have also describe a study on the perceptions of Gate keepers, the custodians of cultural beliefs and moral norms, about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.Using in-depth interviews with teachers, media representatives, spectral, political and traditional leadership and focus group discussions among parents the study reported that the culture downplayed the sexual mode of transmitting the disease condom promotion was not includeed on religious grounds by most participants. Cultural beliefs not only also shape how individuals respond to forms of disease and illness but also choices about which forms of care should be accessed.For example, cultural beliefs about certain forms of disease may lead to silence and denial thus creatingveritable grounds for the continuation of behaviours and actions that promote the disease (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Studies of the social meaning of infertility in Nigeria have shown that beliefs about infertility play a determinant role in interpretation and treatment of infertility. hobby these beliefs, most people used three treatment outlets churches (spiritualists), traditional healers and hospitals (orthodox medical treatment) (Okonofua et al 1997211). Gender inequalityGender inequality impacts the Primary Health Care system through its contrib ution to lower status, lack of empowerment, higher(prenominal) rates of illiteracy, and higher levels of p overty for women. As in the case of illiteracy, these factors translate into higher incidence of ill-health for women and paradoxically, their lower capacity to access health care. For example, women with less education have less control over their sexual activities and therefore also more modify by sexually transmitted diseases.For example, HIV/AIDS which is transmitted largely through sexual activities is more prevalent among women than among men. The relative lack of control over their sexual choices also means that many more women get pregnant than should be the case. This has implications for fertility and maternal mortality rates. Women therefore have a higher need to access health care especially at the PHC level. Only women generally tend to need the permission of men to access health facilities. poverty is also higher among women in the population than men. These fact ors suggest that women will also have a lower capacity to meet their health needs even when facilities exist to provide for those needs. The urban rural divideThe urban rural divide is implicated in the differences in living conditions between urban and rural areas, in the distribution of the population between the two areas and in several other factors. Differences in these factors impact upon the performance of PHC in a number of ways. First, it imposes diametrical challenges on PHC in urban and rural areas. It has been observed for example, that living conditions, especially with respect to the availability of electricity, good roads, water, transportation, communication, poverty and quality of life tend to be much higher in urban than rural areas (Imoudu, 1995).The implication of this isthe tendency for PHC units to be break away staffed and equipped in urban areas than rural areas. It is thus not surprising to find that storage facilities for drugs are better in urban areas than rural areas (Gupta et al, 2004). Professional health personnels are also more reluctant to accept postings to rural areas. Another implication is the pattern and distribution of the disease burden between urban and rural areas. Given the fact that urban areas have more PHC facilities and that other secondary and tertiary health care facilities tend to be located in them, the health needs of urban populations tend to be better served than those of rural areas.There will therefore tend to be more pressure on PHC facilities in rural areas. If we take into consideration the additional factor of higher poverty in the rural areas, the lower capacity of rural communities to access health care when they need it will translate into worse health indices in the rural areas than urban areas.However it should be noted that socio cultural factors also impact positively in human service delivery in the following ways. Traditional medicines have become part or alternatives were modern medicin e has failed.That not all in certain areas use of socio cultural factors has deepen social service delivery in the areas of ceremonies which bring in foreign exchange and general leading to an improved standard of life of the people.eg prior to the kuomboka solemnity of the lozi people of western province, roads are graded, buildings painted, the towns and villages cleaned hospitality industry also takes a new shape which is a plus in service delivery. polishSocio cultural factors are norms, values, beliefs, material and non material objects that are passed on from one generation to another in any given society. As we looked at how socio-cultural factors affect the performance of Primary Health Care we have noted that socio cultural factors are crucial in any developmental aspect of a community The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differ between societies and even within sub-cultures within the same society.The WHO has, for example, identified a number of socio cul tural factors and conditions. The list of factors includes (i) cultural beliefs and taboos, (ii) gender inequality, and (iii)the urban rural divide. The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differ between societies and even within sub-cultures within the same society. Cultural beliefs and taboos impact upon the performance of the Primary Health Care in several ways. First, they shape forms of behaviour that lead to certain health outcomes. Gender inequality impacts the Primary Health Care system through its contribution to lower status, lack of empowerment, higher rates of illiteracy, and higher levels of poverty for women.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Dr. Festus Iyayi, (2009), Socio cultural factors impacting upon Primary Health Care in Nigeria, surgical incision of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria 2. Global Health Watch (2004) Global Health Action, edited by Whyte, A., McCoy, D and Rowson, M, Russell Press 3. Noy oo. N, (2000), Social Policies and Social Services in Zambia. UNZA Publishers, Lusaka, Zambia. 4. Oxford advanced learners dictionary (2002).

Computer Dynamics Network Proposal

Computer kinetics Network ProposalComputer Dynamics is a corporation with 300 computers in trine adjacent fivesome-story expression with 100 computers in each building. The LANs are similar in each building with a selective information center is located in one building on the second floor. There are no other office locations. The current system is poorly designed and must be completely replaced. Develop a logical design for this enterprise campus that considers the sevensome network architecture components.The first thing that I would do is conduct a site survey of the companys existing network and obtain any documentation such as site names, locations contacts, cabling layout, horde room location, and operational hours. I thusly would run a network analysis of the entire network to check the efficiency of the current system. Faults that are defined during the test then I would address them prior to the new system install. The assumptions that I have made are that each buildi ng will have twenty computers per floor and the master(prenominal) building will also include the data center on the second floor.I would then meet with Computer Dynamics Company to identify the requirements of what they take over for a network. Topics to address would be the type of applications that are being used and any future application requirements that they may expect, goals of the company, and if any limitations or constraints they may have. accumulation the preliminary information from the customer I could then start the design process.The proposal to Computer Dynamics Company would be based off the seven network architecture components. Each building LAN would be designed using a physical star topology that would connect the twenty computers on each floor with shielded twisted pair cable to a twenty quatern port 10 gigabyte switch. I would also image a wireless network for each building along with a wired network. The wireless network would involve replacing the exis ting irritate points with 802.11ac access points three per building. The placement of the new access points on different channels would be placed on floors one, three and five of each building.The twenty four port ten gigabyte switches installed on each floor of the three buildings would be connected to a main switch located on the main floor of each building. They in turn are connected to a router placed in each building on the first floor. The connections between the five switches to the router in each building would use multi-mode fiber optic cabling as well as the connections from building to building.The designated main building will contain the data center on the second floor which contains the servers for the company. This data center would also contain the e-commerce edge enabling potential customers along with their existing customers to the view the company website. Each of the buildings LANs would connect to the data center through a switch with a fiber uplink port. The main building networks along with the other two buildings would be terminated via the other end of the fiber cable into ports on the main building data switch.Any connectivity to the outside via internet service would be connected through a gateway router that is connected directly into the main data switch. The need for a 10/100/1000 service needs to be provided by the companies ISP. Using this design would enable all 300 computer to have internet access and the ability to connect to any company server located at any of the other buildings.The last part of my proposal would be to test the new/upgrade system to ensure it meets Computer Dynamics requirements. I then would propose Computer Dynamics company use the network for an established period of time so they can monitor, verify, and make recommendations as needed. Once they are satisfied with the operation of the new network system, I would provide them with documentation of the site names, locations contacts, cabling layout, se rver room location, and equipment upgrades or changes of locations.Works CitedFitzGerald, Jerry, Alan Dennis, and Jerry FitzGerald. barter Data Communications and Networking. New York Wiley, 1996. Print.How to design network Eight step design methodology. Networking Virtualization. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.

What It Means To Be Canadian

What It Means To Be CanadianTo no geniuss surprise, being a Canadian means different things to different people and it is quite commonplace for umpteen Canadians to wealthy person multiple identities and even multiple allegiances. Predictably, it is not always clear how these multiple identities can fit into Canadian society and rupture lines inevitably chuck aside mingled with those with different identities. The next several pages result look at the oldest fault-line of them all at least among Canadians of European extraction which is the fault line in the midst of English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians. It resonates with this writer because, frankly, so much of our constitutional and political history has been wrapped up with trying to resolve the grievances and insecurities of French Canadians. For those inside and without this fault line, Canadian identity is complicated because those who fall outside it people who have arrived from Asia or the Car ibbean or from various other collapses of the world are subtly reminded, through official bilingualism and through the constant constitutional wrangling over whether or not Quebec is a distinct society, that perhaps they are not confessedly or authentic Canadians in the way some other groups are. Further, for French Canadians, the battle has always been among identifying themselves as Canadians or identifying themselves as French-Canadians who deserve to fend for apart from other Canadians.This makeup will look at the French-English allot in Canada by providing a brief historical overview of the tensions that have long existed between the two sides as should be plain, the divide has been with us since before Confederation and will surely be with us for some time still to come. The paper will then turn to look at the introduction of Bill 101 in 1977 and how that ushered in a new era of strained English-French relations. With that out of the way, the paper will subsequently obs erve how the fault line in general has complicated how people who associate with this group identity interact at heart Canadian society? In short, how have French Canadians (the minority group and the group most likely to be inflamed by linguistic considerations) interacted within Canada in light of the powerful divide that separates them and that exacerbates their hostilities towards maven another? With special reference to French Canadians, what does it mean to them (or what has it meant to them recently) to be Canadian within the context of Canada? fail of all, the essay will explore what the future of the Canadian national identity might well be should tensions in this fault line increase or tensions in other fault lines increase. We can all imagine that simmering tensions will weaken the connective tissue that binds Canadians together and will create the tantrum for the fragmentation of Canadian society unless common ground is found. The only saving grace for Canada with re gards to this particular English-French divide is that demographic factors may end up closure it by changing the composition of Quebec and of Canada so dramatically that the country no longer much cares about English-French hostilities.Historical context of the English-French divideThe simple truth is that tensions between English and French have always been a part of the Canadian landscape. In the eighteenth century, the British and French bitterly wrestled for control of atomic number 7 America and, at the end of that century and in the early decades of the next one, there was a significant divide between the French Canadians of Lower Canada and the English elites of that province who deigned to expand measures from on high. Suffice it to say, the educated professional elite that dropd the legislative assembly of Lower Canada from the turn of the nineteenth century in advance reacted most negatively to the disproportionate power held by (and general unresponsiveness exhibit ed by) the English-dominated colonial executive (executive council) and by the British-appointed governor (Greer, 1993). The end result was the ill-fated and crazy 1837 Rebellion in Lower Canada when French-Canadian nationalists finally exploded in armed outrage at the refusal of the British government to seriously contemplate the democratization of the legislative Council (Breakenridge Read, 2008).As most students of Canadian history are aware, the aforementioned rebellion led to the Durham Report of 1839 wherein John Lambton, the Earl of Durham, advocated the cultural assimilation of French Canadian Lower Canada into a larger union with Lower Canada that would be dominated by the English. In effect, the best way to resolve the hotshot of grievance percolating in the hearts of French Canadians was to simply assimilate them (Van Male, 1997). For Lord Durham, what was tearing at the entrails of Lower Canada was a profound ethnic and linguistic conflict that basically involved two nations warring in the bosom of a single state (quoted in Greer, 1993, p.153). Ultimately, though tensions did lessen somewhat from their high water betray in the late 1830s, the old animosity never completely went off at least one observer has written about this tragic portion in our history.this is a country of ingrown prejudices.unthinking, irrational and mean (Lower Quoted in Cameron, 1997, p.372). During the subsequent generations, the animus between French Canadians and English Canadians always lurked average beneath the surface and could burst into flame at any moment.In general, many of the most significant moments in Canadian history have all revolved around French-English rapprochement the original constitutional deliberations of the 1860s or have revolved around French-Canadian animosities spilling into the open the Conscription Crises of Two World Wars the Richard riots of the 1950s the muted Revolution of the 1960s and the federal governments attempts to head of f Quebec nationalism and the hotly-contested separatist referenda of 1980 and 1995. If one wants to understand the constitutional morass of the 1970s and 1980s (or 1990s) or if one wants to understand the original inspiration for Canadian multiculturalism (for more on how official multiculturalism under Trudeau was chiefly a response to Quebec nationalism, please see Tierney, 2007), then one must understand the fault line between English and French in Canada. Naturally, one of the greatest sources of tension of all was the battle on the part of French Canadians to protect their linguistic inheritance from the encroachment of the English majority.Discussion and analysis how has the divide between English and French, and the formulation of Bill 101, impacted the interactions between the two groups within Canada?The 1977 Quebec verbiage law was probably an inevitable consequence of the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s protecting French culture from Les Anglais, after all, inevitably mea nt protecting the language from desecration and from conquest at the hands of English. Specifically, French-Canadian academics at the start of the 1970s wrote that the history of French Canada within the Canadian Confederation was actually often a history of fighting to maintain the integrity of the French language. The passage of the Trudeau governments Official Language Law in 1970 saw French recognized as an official language in all federal affairs and constituted a victory of sorts, however the corresponding (and rather surprising) efforts of the Quebec government to pass Bill 63 a bill that would have granted the English language official status in Quebec was perceived as a come in threat to the primacy of the French language and viewed as setting the groundwork for the anglification of the population of Quebec (Angers, 1970). Obviously, this raised the temperature in the room when it came to the ongoing debate about what measures should be taken to protect the French la nguage in Quebec and expedited the arrival of Bill 101.The fault line between French Canada and English Canada has impacted or complicated how both groups (but particularly French Canadians) interact with Canada and with their Canadian identity in the sense that it has created a hyphenated group of Canadians who can be reliably expected to break great deal on the issues according to their linguistic background. The great conscription crises and the animus unleashed in the two referendum campaigns nearly a generation apart attest to how people on both sides (but especially French Canadians) have elected to define themselves by the language they speak than by the country of which they are a part. Bill 101, maybe more than any other single piece of legislation, reminded all Canadians of how the fault line between English and French was predicated upon concerns over language and, specifically, whose language would stomach over time.Examining the act itself, Bill 101 was an act that m andated a number of things that could only have heightened the mistrust and paranoia of the English-speaking minority in Quebec at the alike(p) time as it surely disenchanted new arrivals from elsewhere in the world. Notably, Bill 101 decreed that French-only public signs were to be a feature of the province French became the language of work in public institutions and the autonomy of English schools in Quebec was sharply reduced (Levine, 1990). And, as most students are aware, and as our division notes remind us, Bill 101 also mandated that all students receive their schooling in French. The bill was a shot across the bow of English Quebec and dual-lane Canadians dramatically along ethic and linguistic affiliation.To get to the heart of the matter, for French Canadians, Bill 101 was simply a re-conquest that merely asserted that French was the dominate language of la Belle Province for English-speaking Quebeckers, however, the passage of Bill 101 was a clear repudiation of the En glish language as it stripped away the Charter status of the English language and also limited the rights and privileges of a linguistic group that, historically, had wielded most of the power in Quebec (Levine, 1990, p.119). Now, and maybe forever after, the centrality of language to ones conception of his or herself and his or her place in Canada could no longer be swept under the rug and the pretence that we were/are all devoted Canadians prototypical was shattered.In general, Bill 101 has allowed the French language to retain somewhat of its lustre amongst visible minorities arriving in Quebec recent data compiled by the Canadian Human Rights Commission indicates that, by a 2 to 1 margin, French is the first official language of visible minorities in the province (Canadian Human Rights Commission, 2007). character Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2007). Strategic Initiatives section 6 Quebec. Retrieved August 5, 2010 from http//www.chrc-ccdp.ca/proactive_initiatives/bvm_mv b/page6-en.aspInformation such as that above indicates that any hopes of complete English conquest of Quebec will have to wait for a little while longer. In fact, a closer look at the data reveals that the number of Quebeckers who identify English as their Mother Tongue appears to be declining and has been for several years (Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 2007).Source Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. (2007). Ethnolinguistic composition of the population. OCOL. Retrieved August 5, 2010 from http//www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/ar_ra_04_05_v1_14_e.phpWe can safely desist that language laws have contributed, even if indirectly, to the exodus of English speakers out of Quebec and to the polarization of sentiments between English and French within Quebec. However, such language laws do not guarantee the future of the French language in the province given the mass influx of new Canadians who speak n either English nor French or who are disinterested in learni ng French. For many French Canadians, being Canadian may still mean being French Canadian first above all else however, as the demographic shape of Canada changes due to high immigration, they may find themselves even more isolated than ever before but this time isolated within a huge polyglot nation where the competing languages are not just English but dozens, or even hundreds, of others.At the end of it all, any increased tensions between French and English in Canada will tear at the Canadian national identity in the sense that it undermines the legitimacy of the confederation to have the two founding languages fighting with one another. On the other hand, even if simmering tensions will only intensify the self-identification of French Canadians with their French heritage, the reality is that all the chauvinism in the world may not matter chiefly because French Canada and English Canada are becoming relatively smaller pieces of the Canadian mosaic as the nation welcomes in peo ple from Asia, from Africa, from South America and from Eastern Europe who do not have either language as their first language. Ultimately, if other divides in Canada fall the French-English model and grow more acrimonious, then the countrys future could be at risk however, the French-English divide will probably become less important over time.ConclusionThe past several pages have looked at the English-French divide in Canada, the ancient fault-line, and have argued that language laws instituted in Quebec surely did not help in bringing the two sides together if anything, ancient animosities were revived. However, Canada is a changing nation and that means that no one can safely assume that Canada will tear apart if the gulf between English and French widens. The future is uncertain, but it is unlikely that the French and English divide will remain the dominant one in Canadian life simply because Canada is a country that is moving beyond its French/English past.

The Child Protection Process

The Child Protection ProcessThe following argon the achievements compulsory in order to work with p arnts and with the family as a whole ability to work in partnership with p atomic number 18nts ability to be salutary and open take down when the information you have to share is unpleasant or painful ability to communicate with adults ability to negotiate ability to provide counselling, warmth, empathy, understanding ability to bide peoples pain and anger ability to work effectively with groups.Two skills in allow for be explained further. Starting with the ability to provide empathic understanding, this relies on the ability of the doer to imagine what the service user may be experiencing, relating it to his/hers experience. Empathy excessively draws on the ability of the worker to be an active listener.As for the ability to be honest, it is cognize that some parents are not always honest with social workers, particularly when at that place are issues of abuse (Department of Health, 1991a Reder et al 1993), but it is important for social workers to honest in all dealings with parents. Sometimes this is difficult particularly when manduction difficult decisions with the parents, such as the decision to hold a small fry security crowd.The process of tiddler apology work is set out in the Working Together guidance (HM Government, 2006a), which is to be followed in conjunction with the perspicacity fashion model and any local anaesthetic procedures and protocols. Under s47 of the Children get along 1989, local authorities have a duty to make enquiries when there is reason to believe that a child is suffering or is in all likelihood to suffer, significant harmIn the case of Bethany where a section 47 enquiry is being considered, a strategy conflux should be held immediately, involving social workers, police, and any other relevant personnel such as referring victors or when needful those with medical or legal expertise. Apart from sharing i nformation, the principle focus of the strategy meeting is on curriculumning. This might include coordinating with the enquiry with any criminal investigation, dealing with any immediate issues of safety, decision making what information may be shared with parents and whether any medical examination are required.When a childs name is placed on the child protection register, the conference will appoint a lead professional (usually a local authority social worker) and a core group, comprising family members and relevant professionals who have the debt instrument for growing and implementing the child protection plan. This plan will be reviewed at further conferences, initially within three months and six months thereafter. Depending on the degree of risk reduction, these posterior meetings may decide to remove the childs name from the register. Research on core groups has identified challenges very similar to those facing conferences, specially in ensuring meaningful involvemen t (Harlow and Shardlow, 2006.)From their study of a hundred and twenty conferences, Farmer and Owen (1995) argued that the dominant focus was on assessing risk, with minimal time devoted to training and little subsequent reappraisal. They denotative concern that plans often fai direct to offer therapeutic help to children or to address the needs of parents (including women subjected to domestic emphasis). More recent research has suggested that, although practical and therapeutic operate are generally appreciated by parents, they are often not forthcoming (CSCI, 2006). In this approve, Scourfield and Welsh (2003) argue that child protection work is dominated by a neo-liberal emphasis on monitoring and exhorting parents to change or face losing their children. Despite these difficulties, and re-abuse rates of 25-30%, studies in 1990s found that in slightly two thirds of cases, childrens wellbeing improved fleck on the child protection register (DH, 1995).Failures of communica tion and co-ordination between professionals have been a recurring theme in child revilement scandals, but eliminating them has proved a daunting challenge.One major concern has been to strike a balance between spreading responsibility for child protection as widely as possible while ensuring there are introduce lines of accountability. For example, there have been moves to make child protection everyones business (Scottish Executive,2002 HM Government,2006b). In England and Wales, s11 of theChildren acquit 2004 and s175 of the Education Act 2002 created a general duty for a range of public bodies to safeguard and promote the social welfare of children. Working Together (HM Government, 2006a 39-73) sets out various requirements for organisations to nominate key professionals to co-ordinate child protection work at their particular level (Murphy,2004), while the Children Act 2004, s12, creates a duty on professionals to notify any cause for concern to the information-sharing inde x. Training, especially on an inter-professional basis, has also been recognised as crucial to facilitating communication and co-ordination (Glennie,2007).Yet, despite the many positive developments in relation to co-ordination, the challenges re important significant (Murphy,2004). Different professional roles and training generate particular ways of seeing in watch of estimate and these are likely to be reinforced by agency cultures (Birchall and Hallett,1995). In practice, this often path different thresholds for assessing significant harm and consequent tensions when these views are not shared by others (Stanley et al2003). Duties to co-operate have co-existed with increasing pressures on individual professionals and agencies and unsurprisingly, it has often proved difficult to engage those for whom child protection is not regarded as part of their core business (Francis et al 2006). Responsibilities have thus tended to remain with social workers, with some evidence that oth er professionals may seek to lift involvement in child protection work (Harlow and Shardlow, 2006). Inter-professional relationships are also take uped by issues of power and status and may be based on generalised or even stereotypical views of others.In relation to communication, there are two related challenges to be faced. The first is that confidentiality, which has both interpersonal and professional dimensions. Thus, individual practitioners mustiness address issues of confidentiality in light of their relationship with service users, but professional cultures and agency rules will also shape what information must (not) be kept confidential. A second, broader challenge is to decide from the massive volume of information gleaned which items are to be exchanged, with whom, and in what form, something that ultimately relies on professional intellect but is also influenced by inter personal processes (Reder and Duncan, 2003). Finally, it should be recognised that all the above challenges can be exacerbated by staff turnover and by agency reorganisations.Reflecting the growing concern not lone(prenominal) that resources were directed to a greater extent to child protection services than to preventive and punt services but also that there were weaknesses at strategic and operational levels about how professionals jointly supported children and their families, the government established requirements for inter-agency collaboration in the 2004 Children Act. Under sections 10 and 11 of this Act, the conductor of Childrens Services is accountable for collaborative partnerships across agencies involved with the wellbeing of children to assist professionals to coordinate services focused on legal profession and early intervention and, where appropriate, to plan and develop joint services.In March 2007, the government published a review of family policy resulting from an extensive consultation with providers of services, young people and parents to lay the but t for government spending over a three-year round from 2008 (HM Treasury and DFES, 2007). As part of the Every Child Matters agenda, the government is aiming to address the imbalance in the apportionment of resources between prevention services and protection services and also to develop a more effective multidisciplinary framework of professional skills to enhance the effectiveness of prevention services.Two broad aims are to develop the resilience of children to adverse factors in their family and social circumstances and also to address the needs of families caught in a rung of low attainment. The goal is to increase the provision of preventive services but where necessary to require resistant families to use the services by setting consequences for parents by forms of Anti- loving Behaviour Orders and Parenting Orders. The intention is to enable local authorities to use additional funding flexibly to develop services provided either directly by the local authority or with m ultidisciplinary settings such as extended school services or childrens centres for younger children. The policy review commissioned four areas of sub-review ontogeny preventive entreees, children and families at risk through low attainment needs of disabled children needs of young people.These policy aims will inform not only funding streams to local authorities, child health and education but also expectations about workforce skills developments (www.hm-treasury.gov.uk)Families say that they value the social worker who helps them find their solutions to family problems. This border on takes into account service users anxieties about sharing family information with professionals and harnesses the familys strengths to build self-confidence and more sustained solutions. The whole family approach, family focused and child centred is central to working(a) with children and their families in a multi-agency setting. Social workers bring a broad knowledge and skills base and are able to move beyond functions into solutions. They need to influence those other agencies meet the child to adopt a more collaborative strength-based approach.An approach that respects the family but does not condone the behaviour towards the child or the childs behaviour is likely to enable the family to respond to early intervention and to take up services offered rather than being driven to use the services by compulsion. However, social workers cannot at times avoid compulsion, through either a child protection plan or court proceedings. Families need to know what sanctions may follow if there are serious concerns about a child that they do not address. Communication about options and consequences from the outset of intervention is central to good practice. Such clear communication is also needed for other agencies that may be involved. Families and children should not need to repeatedly share with professionals from different settings the difficulties they are experiencing.A key sk ill social workers bring to their practice is the capacity to understand the issues from the familys standpoint. Social workers need to take into account the impact of poverty, social marginalisation, discrimination and poor health on parenting capacity and childrens development. Social workers are the bridge to enabling other professionals to acknowledge the need for services and their responsibility to provide suitable services.Clear communication is a prerequisite to establishing good partnerships with children, the family and the professionals involved. Work needs to be planned around time to listen, time to reflect and time to establish relationships with the child and the parents at a pace that works for them.Communication means not only using language that families understand, so that terms familiar to professionals are properly explained and examples given, it also means establishing in what way they propensity to share information. This principle needs to be embedded in th e practice of all the professionals delivering services to the families. Some families may wish to use an appropriately skilled interpreter. Some may want to share with the social worker the task of making written records or completing sound judgement forms. Other families may feel unable to say that written records disenfranchise them because of limited literacy skills.Services plans should be transparent and should clearly set out which agencies are involved, what is being provided, for how long and what are the consequences of not using the services. Plans need to be reviewed regularly and families need to know who has responsibility in multi-agency plans to deal with disagreement, to account for lapses in service provision and to ensure that reviews are held.For families the governments proposals under the Every Child Matters agenda create the possibility of improvements in accessing services across agencies. However, joint planning and commissioning will only be effective if p arents, families and children are consulted about what services are useful to them. Services delivered through extended schools and childrens centres need to be innovative and harness the skills of the third sector to deliver not only universal services but also services for children with additional and specialist needs.Social workers and their managers are well placed to drive forward more effective ways of working directly with families the risk is that processes designed to ensure accountability will create unnecessary barriers for skilled professionals who want to work alongside families to support them to find solutions.in 2000, the New Labour government published the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (DH et al 2000). The Framework was to be applied to all assessments under the Children Act 1989, whether for children in need (s17) or where significant harm was pretend (s47). The Assessment Framework (DH et al 200010-16) sets out the following key principles Assessments should be child centred, rooted in child development ecological in their approach ensure equality of opportunity involve working with children and families build on strengths as well as identify difficulties are inter-agency in their approach to assessment and the provision of services are a continuing process, not a single event are carried out in parallel with other action mechanism and providing services are grounded in evidence-based knowledge.Any assessment of a child and his family which aims to understand what is happening to a child has to take account of a childs developmental needs, the parenting capacity to respond to those needs, and the wider family and environmental factors. Together these form three systems whose interactions have direct impact on the current and long term wellbeing of a child. The Assessment Framework represents a way of trying to capture the complexity of a childs world and beginning to construct a coherent approach to a ccumulation and analysing information about each child.The Framework should be rooted in understandings of child development. Contemporary thinking about childrens needs has evolved over several decades and reflects a mixture of theoretical influences and evidence derived from research studies.Taylor (2004) identifies the following needs basic physical care, affection, security, stimulation, guidance, control and discipline, responsibility, independence. As assessment has become increasingly rationalised, it has become more common to adopt a balance sheet approach, often couched in terms of risk factors i.e. the increased probability of a particular (negative) outcome and contraceptive factors that decrease its likelihood.An important factor goat the increasing interest in parenting has been a focus on the impact of mental health problems, substance violate and domestic violence on parents and, in turn, children. Research in the 1990s suggested that these played an important role in many child welfare cases, especially when present in combination, but that they were neither well understood nor addressed in practice (Cleaver et al 1999). They are relevant in two main ways. First, background knowledge of the impact is an important factor in decision making and second, there may be particular implications for the process of assessment and how it is managed. plot of land each of these areas has distinctive characteristics, there are also common treads. One is that assessment demands a careful balancing act to avoid over or under reaction.Thus, despite heightened risk to childrens welfare, it is important to recognise that those suffering from mental health and other problems do not necessarily make poor parents, and that the volume of their children grow up without major ill-effects (Cleaver, 2002).An adult who violently assaults another adult in the home is, in fact, also abusing children who may see, hear or be aware of that violence. Hughes, 1992, found th at in 90 per cent of cases of domestic violence, children were in the same or the next room. This indirect abuse, is a form of emotional abuse, and in truth one of the more severe forms. (Bearing in mind that emotional abuse and set down are closely related, we might also see it as neglect of the childs needs.) Children are exposed to feelings of terror, grief, impotence, and to the realisation that adults on whom they may rely for safety, security and protection are either, incapable of protecting even themselves, or, capable of dangerous violence towards those they are supposed to protect (Kelly, 199444). Since the implementation of the Adoption and Children Act in December 2005, the Children Act 1989 definition of significant harm has expressly included prejudice suffered from seeing or hearing the ill-treatment of another.A crucial element of the Framework was to emphasize the interconnectedness of the three domains, drawing on the ecological surmisal of Bronfenbrenner (1979 ). In essence, Bronfenbrenner construes the factors influencing the childs development as a series of four concentric circles, which he refers to as systems ranging from the childs immediate environment to the broadest social context. The microsystem describes any setting where the child is an active participant, typically the family, school, peer group or immediate neighbourhood. The mesosystem comprises relationships between microsystems, for example between home and school. Finally, the macrosystem comprises the broader social environment in which children and families live, including cultural values, customs, providence and laws.Arguably the most influential theoretical framework within assessment and child social care more broadly is that based on shackle. in the beginning derived from the work of Bowlby (1953), attachment theory emphasises the importance of relationships between children and parental figures, especially mothers. Bowlby was particularly concerned with the ne gative consequences of lost or poor attachment which led to maternal deprivation. Subsequently, his work attracted criticism for its gendered assumptions and ethnocentricity, but having fallen out of fashion, attachment theory was rediscovered during the 1990s (Thoburn, 1999) and its importance was made explicit in the Assessment Framework.Fahlberg (1994) has be attachment as an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally. She argues that the development of attachment occurs through a cycle of arousal and relaxation, wherein the child becomes aroused through needs such as food or comfort, but relaxes once these needs are met by the attachment figure. Repetition of the cycle develops trust and a sense of security for the child. Fahlberg also points to a positive interaction cycle, where play and humour make interaction pleasurable and mutually rewarding and attachment is strengthened. The longer-term importance o f attachment is that it should provide children with a secure base from which to explore the social world and give them an internal working model for relationships based on trust. Although open to change through later experiences, these models exert a strong and often enduring influence over the lives of children and adults (Howe,2001). uncalled-for to say, such processes do not always follow this path and, while a complete absence of attachment is rare, insecure attachment may affect up to half of the population (Howe,2001). Building on Ainsworth et als (1978) work, insecure attachments are customarily divided into three categories anxious avoidant (detached), anxious resistant (ambivalent) and disorganised/ irresponsible. Each is associated with specific attachment behaviours, such as the reaction to separation, and wider patterns of behaviour.Howe (2003) argues that attachment behaviours reflect how children make sense of adults both emotionally and cognitively and are typically adaptive responses to their care environment. Within assessment, therefore, attachment behaviours can give important insights into childrens well-being and development, while the theory may help to explain the factors that lie behind them and to gauge the potential for change. Understanding attachment is particularly pertinent when temporary or permanent removal of a child is being considered, both in terms of recognising the effects of removal and the importance of maintaining contact between children and birth family members including siblings (Sanders,2004). Information on attachment can be gleaned from interviews, direct work with children, from other professionals and perhaps most importantly observation, but as Howe (2003) warns, assessing attachments is a complex task that requires experience and cautious handling.Explanatory accounts of child maltreatment have emanated from all the major schools of psychology. Their primary focus rests with individual perpetrators, but to a greater or lesser extent they also address ideas of intergenerational transmission, examining the ways in which the puerility victims of maltreatment may become perpetrators as adults. Although they enjoy little support, there are also pre-psychological theories rooted in biology and ideas of instinct (Corby, 2005156-158).Psychodynamic perspectives (broadly derived from Freudian psychology) emphasise developmental stages and the formation of personality as these stages are negotiated (Mc Cluskey and Hooper, 2000). In relation to child maltreatment, attention has focused on how a parents own childhood may influence their capacity to recognise and meet childrens needs, whether they have acquired a rigid personality, become easily frustrated or have difficulty in controlling aggression. This is evident in the case of Bethany where behaviour appears at first sight to be neglectful or abusive but seems in fact to be the result of genuine ignorance about the needs of a child or the role of a parent. Some adults may have lacked appropriate role models while growing up some are very isolated and have little access to sources of advice. When there seems to be a lack of knowledge or of parenting skills, an appropriate form of intervention is education the provision of advice, information, instruction or role models.Social learning theory focuses on how behaviour is learned through processes of observation, conditioning and reinforcement. In line with the theory, intervention would focus on identifying these patterns and seeking to modify them through behavioural therapy, perhaps by working on avoiding triggers for maltreatment or reinforcing appropriate parental responses. Throughout her childhood, Bethany witnessed violence hence repeating the same behaviour as an adult.A basic feature of anti homophobic practice is the ability to see that discrimination and oppression are so often central to the situations social workers encounter. The fact that social work service users are predominantly from disadvantaged groups is unlikely to be seen as a key issue. However, what anti discriminatory practice teaches us is that discrimination and oppression are vitally important matters and, if we are not attuned to recognising and challenging discrimination, we run the risk of, at best condoning it and, at worst exacerbating and amplifying it through our own action.Overarching both the 1989 and the 2004 Children Act is the 1998 Human Rights Act which requires agencies with responsibilities for child health, education and welfare services to comply with the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights. Of particular relevance is Article 8, respect for private and family life. This Article does not give an absolute guarantee to family life and therefore to services to support a family to bring up their children. It is a sufficient right, and the State and its agencies have to balance the childs entitlement to grow up cared for by their family, who may need support services to do so, against the duty to protect the child and, where necessary following a fair and transparent process, to remove the child from the family.The duty on the Director of the Childrens Services to plan with other agencies to commission and provide support services to promote childrens wellbeing must comply with both international obligation and domestic law to ensure that service provision is non-discriminatory

finance :: essays research papers

-Todays international financial frame is private with only marginal formalized participation. Showdown between government and banks during currency crisis of 1972. ?Smithsonian Agreement ,? allowed greater flexibility in currency values. In the 70?s U.S firms weren?t even leal to the dollar. Sophisticated speculation playing a major role in international finance. Everyone is trying to cash in on exchange fluctuations ?leads and lags.? (I say why not) Central banks are big losers their intervention, and inflow of dollars was so large that it was inflationary. Lesson learned is that they cannot control private capital flows. Firms did protect themselves against the anticipated devaluation over a long-life term by shifting the currency composition of liquid assets and debts, and by prepaying accounts payable in currencies expected to be devalued. In 1973 we basically exported inflation to Europe. No one is sure how close we came to a financial disaster in the 70?s, but it?s a fact that we were on the edge. *Franklin-Herstatt failure contained. locomote rates survived.Chapter Four-The Economics and Politics of Global Debt-In the nineteenth century, private banks helped countries cope with swings in the trade cycle and made emergency loans to keep governments afloat. A reason out why bankers disliked the Bretton Woods Conference was that it created a competing public sector institution, the IMF, to provide short-term loans to countries experiencing trade and financial difficulties. The Third World owes the Western banking system over half a trillion dollars. Lost cause thinking we will be payed back. Global debt crisis had two fundamental causes-importance of Third World countries in global banking revolution of 60?s and 70?s series of economic shocks that hit the world economy in the 70?s.Richard Weinert lists four main(prenominal) factors that are responsible for the banks? expansionist thrust into the Third World in the 70?s servicing client needs, defens ive expansion to keep clients, compensation growth, and the opportunities offered by Eurocurrency markets. Economic shock of 70?s inflation, dramatic increase in oil prices, and slowdown in world economic growth (recession on 74-75), soaring interest rates.

A Character Analysis of Charlie in Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited :: Babylon Revisited Essays

A Character Analysis of Charlie in Fitzgeralds Babylon RevisitedIn considering Charlie Wales plight in Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited, I remember Charlie is a victim of his own success. As a successful businessman two dates over he has burned many bridges behind him and for his well intentions he is blind to that continued fallacy. He does not seem to realize that the success he enjoys now is the envy that brought ab come to the fore Marion and Lincolns contempt prior to Helens death.I see Charlie attempting desperately to act out of character. Adept at business he has shown ability, humility and perseverance. However, he seems to be out of touch with the manifested feelings of others his path has crossed. I do believe Charlie is not sincerely ready for parenthood. It appears he is fighting a demon, longing for a piece of his life that was lost in his sometime(prenominal). Motivated by guilt I believe he is substituting materialism for love believing money buys happiness. He would substitute a governess for parenting for he realizes his business ventures will not lend time to child rearing. We can all sympathize with Charlie on the surface, we have all made mistakes that we have to live with. Charlie is attempting to move forward with his life and erase the mistakes of his past. The ghosts of his past torment him repeatedly throughout the story, his childs guardians despise him and his old friends do not understand him. Duncan Schaffer and Lorraine Quarrles represent all that wrong with Charlies life. Charlie attempts to steam forward and like a anchor they keep him moored in place. I can not truly sympathize with Charlie though there is a smack of empathy within me. I sense that with Lincoln Peters also.